The emergence of cycle tourism as pandemic lifestyle

ABSTRACT 

The COVID-19 outbreak has accelerated many aspects of social life and changed how people act toward it, including in the aspect of sport and tourism. This article examines the cycling experiences during the pandemic. Having been categorized as an active sport which supports social and physical distancing campaign, the shift of meaning of cycle tourism that has been chosen by society both to increase immune system and to enjoy sightseeing at the same time is applied to critically explain the way how people are understanding cycling activities. In line with the motivation, the meaning of cycling has shown very interesting facts shifted from regular activities to be more valuable due to the different life experience in a pandemic. By applying qualitative descriptive methods, this research conducted some observations to cycling communities and interviews with cyclists who have been actively biking during the pandemic. This research found two interesting findings, first, the shift of meaning and awareness of cycling is considered as a pandemic sport due to compatibility with COVID-19 protocols and as sustainable tourism sector; and second, the emergence of cycle tourism as a pandemic lifestyle in which pandemic has pushed people to extremely adapt to its challenges. Other aspects of cycling such as therapy, refreshing from boredom of pandemic’s stay-at-home rules and in specific ways of boosting the immune system have become additional notes and findings explained by this article.
Keywords: Cycle tourism, Pandemic, COVID-19, Lifestyle

Introduction 
During the pandemic COVID-19, cycling practically relevant to socially-distanced activities has increasingly marked as one of the most interesting facts emerging in daily life (Nikitas et al., 2021). The way how people interact with a determination to approach the pandemic-spurred social orders has seemed to be more creative through various methods that are adapted both from the local bases and global commons. It is such a commonly-shared culture worldwide toward pandemic situations with various reasons and motivations behind it. Accordingly, it has massively been a part of personal, family and community activities (Rachmawati, 2020) with many intentions to kill the time due to stay-at-home campaign, provide a safe mobility alternative to public transport, do eco-friendly sports, and spend holiday as well (Yasa, 2021; Sidebang, 2021). The immanent part of cycling in providing physical distance, while doing sport to keep the immune system good and healthy at the same time, is unavoidably the reason remaining intact in the context of a pandemic (Bechauf, 2020). Interestingly, along with the health benefits of increased physical activity, cycling is also a beneficial mode of transport in the current pandemic.
In addition, cycling can contribute to improving the environment as well as people’s health, safety and overall quality of life. Each year, about 1 million deaths in the WHO European Region are attributed to insufficient physical activity. Increasing the level of cycling can help to prevent these deaths. The Pan-European Master Plan for Cycling Promotion, endorsed by 56 countries of the pan-European region in May, supports this goal (WHO Europe, 2021). In the local context, formal institutions supported by communities have promoted the importance of cycling during the pandemic. The massive cycling activities have been taken into consideration as a potential trend over cycle tourism which stimulates the economic growth in society (Sutton, 2020). The Indonesian Cycling Industry Association (AIPI) reported that bicycle sales in the domestic market have marked approximately 8 million units in 2020. About 3 million of them are produced in the country, while the rest are from imported ones. Such this fact of course made a big contribution in increasing the country's economy which in turn can also increase immunity as well as reduce pollution (Rantung, 2021).
General trend of cycling conducted by people from different backgrounds amid pandemic situations is to keep healthy and easily be an active sport which has a positive effect on health by strengthening the immune system. For this reason, government leaders are now taking steps to encourage this development through new infrastructure projects and funding, such as the UK government’s new GBP 2 billion [USD 2.5 billion] plan to improve and expand pedestrian and cycling infrastructure domestically. Biking infrastructure provides a range of environmental, social, and economic benefits and avoided costs (Bechauf, 2020). Aside from the health concern in the midst of a pandemic, the tourism aspect is an interesting trend which also encourages many tourists to bike (Reid, 2020; Sidebang, 2021). Cycle tourism itself has been a part of tourist attractions that socially tied people into associations and communities. Cycle tourism refers to tourism that involves watching or participating in a cycling event, or participating in independent or organized cycle touring (Ritchie et al., 2010).  One immediate effect of the virus in relation to travel demand and supply was the emergence of active travel modes because of their unique ability to provide a socially-distanced way of transport (Nikitas et al., 2021). For the reason, several cities in the world have seriously built a specific bike-lane and reallocated public space to cyclists and produced pro-bike policies such as e-bike subsidies and free bike-share use. 
This article examines the cycling experiences of Yogyakarta’s society; how they interpret cycling and their motivation during the pandemic. In line with the motivation behind it, the meaning of cycling has shown very interesting facts shifted from regular activities to be more valuable due to the different life experience in a pandemic. It’s not only about ecological concerns such as decreasing pollution but also the health awareness which has been particularly comprehended as the main factor during the pandemic. Accordingly, cycling has massively developed through various initiatives and approaches with personal and communal interest generally defining the type of cycling itself (Rantung, 2021). 
The previous researches conducted by different scholars in addressing cycling have been much concerned both on social solidarity when it comes to community ties and physical and ecological aspects when it comes to health. Other aspects which put it as therapy, refreshing from boredom of stay-at-home rule and in specific ways of boosting the immune system have become additional notes and findings provided through this article. Previous studies did not pay attention to the communal experience and motivation of cycling in the midst of a pandemic which was predominantly influenced by health motivation. For this reason, this paper is designed to explore the meaning behind the experience of cycling in the midst of a pandemic. In particular, this paper not only explains aspects of awareness about health in cycling, but also maps the context of the tourism experience behind cycling activities. The answer to these two issues allows the emergence of a typology and a fundamental change in the approach and motivation of cycling in the midst of a pandemic that continues to develop into a new culture for society.

Literature Review 
General terms used either by academic circumstances or practitioners in addressing tourism activities by using bicycles are cycle tourism, bicycle tourism, and bike tourism (Buning & Lamont, 2021). The first of two phrases is mostly used in many academic works, including in this article, that refer to a definition of cycle tourism as a type of tourism. Different definitions of cycle tourism include six characteristics (1) that the cycling experience takes place away from a person’s home region; (2) bicycle tourism may extend to single-day or multi-day trip durations; (3) the nature of the cycling activity is non-competitive; (4) cycling should be the main purpose of the trip; (5) participation in cycling occurs only in an active context, and (6) bicycle tourism is a form of recreation or leisure (Meschik, 2012). Another notion of cycle tourism refers to a travel experience which uses the bicycle as the primary mode of transport and it is undertaken during leisure time for which the period of time under consideration is not less than 24 hours or one night from the home destination (Han et al., 2017). In a broader sense, cycle tourism includes the trips which explore specific destinations by bicycle with the purpose of doing sports, adventure seeking, challenge, physical, mental and spiritual relaxation, entertainment, and being closer to nature (Sevinc et al., 2018). 
Looking back at the historical aspect, The Cyclists’ Touring Club founded in the UK in 1878 was mentioned as the first bicycle tourism in the world (Dixon, 2017) then Dutch Bicycle Union was founded in early 1883 (Dinescu, 2011). After that period, along the way how technology has rapidly developed and escalated by industrial innovations of motorized transports, it had declined for such long times but recent evidence indicates that it is regaining its popularity as a worldwide alternative tourism activity (Lumsdon, 2000); Roman & Roman, 2014; Han et al., 2017; Gazzola et al., 2018). Cycle tourism enhances the social, environmental, and economic status of a territory that emerges to meet the technical requirements of cycle tourists and their need for mobility, improves sustainable transport and promotes wellness which further improves local residents’ quality of life (Gazzola et al., 2018).
There are various trends frequently mentioned in connection with bicycle tourisms such as mountain biking as a sport and recreational activity (Shaw & Williams, 2004; (Buning & Lamont, 2021), small-group bicycle tours (Kozak & Kozak, 2016), rural and nature tourism, adventure tourism (Slocum & Kline, 2017); Sevinc et al., 2018),  local events such as festivals and annual days (Torres & Momsen, 2011), as a model for sustainable transport (Lumsdon, 2000; Meschik, 2012), and during the last decade, a renaissance of bicycling in urban transportation has occurred in many Western European cities (Nilsson, 2019). Accordingly, in urban areas and within cities, cycling becomes an alternative for fitness, saving time and costs, avoiding parking problems, having fun, protecting the environment, etc. (Meschik, 2012). Bicycle tourism is generally considered to also include the watching of cycling events, such as South Australia’s Tour Down Under, or France’s Tour de France (Ritchie et al., 2010). However, the emergence of independent kins of tourism like nomadic tourism can possibly go hand in hand cycle tourism (Lindawati et al., 2021).
During the pandemic, cycling has been emerging as favourite sports because of their unique ability to provide a socially-distanced way of moving and lessening overcrowding in closed spaces (i.e., travellers do not need to be seated inside a vehicle) (Nikitas et al., 2021). At the same time, pandemic’s influences in relation to travel have brought radical change from collecting people in crowds to keeping them physically-distanced. The emergence of active travel modes or as forms of active transport such as walking and cycling has become an alternative sport to be fulfilled by people sporadically without cantering in crowds of such mainstream touristic places (Weed, 2020; Sidebang, 2021). Cycle tourism has also gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic which its legacies directly affect tourism mobilities (Hannam et al., 2021). Amidst the uncertainty about the duration of the pandemic and its impacts on tourism, tourism players and people as well should adapt in various ways to negotiate with the pandemic situation (Gössling et al., 2020; Higgins-Desbiolles, 2020; Jamal & Budke, 2020; Ntounis et al., 2021) such as reinterpreting the process of socialization and how to act in a new social order 
The specific experience of cycling in a pandemic situation in order to embrace the need for health and have fun at the same time has enriched the conceptual development of tourism itself. During the pandemic, cycling has been identical to be part of daily life, such a pandemic culture which shapes the lifestyle worldwide, even though bicycles are not frequently used for daily transport. The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed tourism adaptive to any situation in which people can easily enjoy holiday and have fun (Gretzel et al., 2020).  In order to extent the literature, there should be a new approach to fill the gap which figures out the emergence of cycle tourism during pandemic outbreak in particular that finally guides us to comprehend the pandemic sport and pandemic lifestyle as well.
This article elaborates the way how bicycle tourism is understood in a pandemic era in which it has become an alternative active sport massively conducted by society. Having outlined the state of current literature regarding bicycle tourism, this article covers the articulation of how pandemic has been given for granted for people in interpreting any form of cycling both for the need of health and tourism as well. Applying to the Indonesian case, a trend of cycling and even bicycle tourism started to develop massively during the pandemic. The literature review allows us to conclude that bicycle tourism should be considered as the promising touristic sectors which can stimulate local economic development, fight for population particularly within the cities and participate in environmental sustainability (Gazzola et al., 2018). 

Methods 
Generally understood that during the pandemic, travel activities are restricted by various new rules and schemes that are strictly implemented. In addition, the need for exercise to be healthy and increase immunity of the body is a must. At such times, bicycles become an alternative sport that is mostly chosen by the community to get out of the boredom of stay-at-home and the stressful effects of pandemic.
This article uses a descriptive qualitative approach to examine the experience of cycling in the pandemic era. The method of data collection in this study was carried out through observation in order to get an overview of the general phenomenon of cycling activities in Yogyakarta. In addition, we used structured interviews with selected informants who actively do cycling sports personally or with the community. The method of collecting data by interviews is to map their experiences, motivations and ways of cycling in the midst of a pandemic. Interviews were conducted with bicycle activists in Yogyakarta regarding the implementation and interest in cycling during the pandemic. 
We have six informants participating in this research and all of them are actively cycling in the pandemic era. In order to keep the identity of the informants, they only allowed us to write the initials. They actually are not newbies for bikes since they had an identical experience of cycling during the school era, from elementary to senior junior high school, but after they went to university, cycling was neglected and preferred to use motorcycles. Beside the social and economic aspects, pandemic COVID-19 has rashly struck their experience of redefining cycling as well.
Primary and secondary data are classified and coded strictly by doing a triangle formula to get maximum results. These data were analysed using the perspective of the sociology of tourism to see the social aspects behind bicycle tourism. By borrowing such an approach, this article is expected to be able to see the experience and motivational aspects behind cycling as a social construction over reality. 

Results
Pandemic tourism 
The pandemic COVID-19 has made people have to adapt to a new order of life simultaneously. The most monotonous one is the campaign of stay-at-home rule for people around the world that has postponed the attraction of tourist sectors. Even though there are free times available for traveling and spending holidays, people’s movements are constrained because of the many strict rules for activities outside the house. In addition, many tourist destinations had to close due to a specific consideration in order to minimize crowds. In the midst of this boredom, the idea of finding an alternative way of traveling in accordance with the rules of the pandemic was focused on cycling. Along the way how pandemic has gone for the new normal era, cycling has remained a new tourist attraction as pandemic tourism with more exciting models. 
For this reason, the way people look for either entertainment and refreshment or active sports, cycling is an ideal physical activity which matches many aspects of sport within society. The pandemic outbreak has forced many people to use bicycles that were normally placed in a warehouse or parked for a long time in order to find fresh air and do some active sport (NMA, interviewed on August 13, 2021). Since tourist attractions prohibit all types of public transportation, cycling is an alternative way in which society could use it freely. In order to fulfil the hobby, cycling could be a medium for refreshing while visiting important places such as tombs, museums, and other historical places, which are generally open and accessible tourist attractions (SBW, interviewed on August 13, 2021). 
The health aspects of cycling are the most essential awareness naturally emerging within society as it mostly comprehended to be blatantly motivated and socially engaged practice. However, because a massive trend like this is still new in the midst of a pandemic in which many people massively bike with family or with community, the culture shock/ “talkative culture” with sports reasons is also used by those who just follow the trend (AR, interviewed on August 10, 2021). Practically, cycling is very cheap compared to other types of vehicles and this is the reason why people are motivated to cycle. Cycling is also recognized as another alternative in enjoying moments with oneself without any restriction because cyclists could reach the destination they want to. Monotonous lives at home are also one of the driving factors for this bicycle tour activity. (SBW and HFA interviewed on August 13, 2021). In addition to low cost and environmentally friendly, health and tourism motivation strengthens people's reasons for doing bicycle tours (NMA, interviewed on August 13, 2021).

Pandemic lifestyle 
Health is considered as a fundamental thing for everyone in the midst of a pandemic and people are concerned about fulfilling its aspect first before considering another one. In fact, a pandemic has struck not only physical health but psychological problems such as anxiety which has massively haunted humans in the world. Accordingly, cycling offers what humans have been looking for: an increasing immune system and psychological aspect. These two health aspects are primarily considered by many people in doing sport which has naturally created a new culture that could be mentioned as a pandemic lifestyle.  The experience of using bicycles within society has blatantly accumulated the mode of social force in shaping a new panorama in public spaces in which people gather to exchange the symbolic meaning of cycling.
The phenomenon of cycling during the pandemic has ignited the awareness of having active sport and enjoying fresh air at the same time. It has a huge impact on society in order to go outdoors with routes that are more flexible. For this reason, cycling is conducted by people to exercise and actively keep moving (SBW, interviewed on August 13, 2021). Cycling, in addition to maintaining health, is also an alternative in satisfying hobbies and fun which has generally boosted psychological conditions. It is such an emerging habit because of pandemic (AR, interviewed on August 10, 2021). 
However, even though a pandemic ignites the cycling trend within society, it will remain a habit and is culturally inherited with social order. For those who realize that exercise is an important part of maintaining immunity and health, doing sports such as cycling remain part of the culture. I have been cycling since before the pandemic, in awareness of health factors. This means that I still remain cycling with a pandemic or not (PR, interviewed on August 10, 2021).
Since health awareness underlines factors behind cycling, it has created a social order to articulate a healthy way of life which is also shown in daily life. Cycling activities provide a bonus in the form of entertainment and natural freshness by visiting green places and away from city pollution. For this reason, the application of a healthy lifestyle is also being carried out by using a bicycle. Apart from being an effort to maintain a healthy lifestyle, this bicycle tour can also be used as an effort to actively participate in reducing the city's enormous air pollution.  

Environmentally-friendly sport 
Cycling tourism offers another important value which has been embedded into people's understanding and inevitably ignites a special reception, which is related to the environment. Bicycles are one of the most environmentally-friendly transportations which at the same time offer health concerns as well (HFA, interviewed on August 13, 2021). As part of the effort to protect the environment, the spirit of bicycle tourism is getting more massive during the pandemic. Cycling tours offer the sincere natural landscapes that can be enjoyed, ranging from tours in the city centre to the countryside. In order to perfectly absorb the natural views, cyclists avoid urban routes because of pollution and crowdedness (PR, interviewed on August 10, 2021). 
The awareness of the current situation within the cities has made people more understand the function of cycling in supporting the effort of a sustainable environment. However, in a pandemic situation like today we still have to be careful and what we act should comply with the health protocols (NMA, interviewed on August 13, 2021). The interesting thing is the motivation and awareness to know nature in depth, which is a form of concern for nature (HFA, interviewed on August 13, 2021). Although the trends and concepts are not very familiar, cycle tourism is interpreted as a form of travel activity while enjoying the beauty of nature.

Discussion 
The pandemic outbreak has made humans aware of the health aspect of life to be maintained. So many rules and regulations related to health protocols have formed a pandemic culture that is dominantly related to social orders that are directly focused on health. One important sector experiencing a different trend is the approach and way people use bicycles to get rid of boredom and at the same time to do sport as well. As a social sector that has experienced a direct impact from the pandemic, tourism has adapted various ways to maintain its sustainability, including the transformation of bicycle tourism which has become a trend in the midst of a pandemic. Almost all tourism sectors are hampered because of the government's recommendation to carry out the Covid-19 health protocol and other various policies of the government. 
Living in such a hard situation during this pandemic, tourism has also needed to transform into various products applicable with COVID-19’s health protocols. One of the most chosen ones are cycle tourism offering an active sport, physically-distanced and helps to increase the immune system and maintain health. Pandemic tourism is identical to those who maximize sport amid the pandemic. Cycling is inevitable with pandemic tourism in which many people with different backgrounds massively benefit with bikes. In Yogyakarta, cycling tourism has become increasingly massive, which was born sporadically due to the pandemic factor. Cycling that was initially carried out for sports and active movement later, unplanned, became tourism activities where tourism aspects have become an inherent part of every cycling.
Interestingly, even though people do not specifically intend to travel, in practice they carry out various aspects of tourism by bicycle such as enjoying historical heritages, visiting natural landscapes, going across the rivers, mountains and villages, or they are simply sightseeing city views with the offer of open tourist attractions and paying a visit to traditional and modern culinary within it. Such conditions should be understood that the meaning of bicycle tourism is more flexible and it is not strictly assumed with a specific form of standard that requires a pattern for bicycle tourism.
For this reason, a term of pandemic tourism is very suitable to be attributed to bicycle tourism because of its spontaneous and sporadic notion. It has fulfilled a pandemic’s common need of active sport and physical distance. Cycling is a perfect example for sports activities that require social distancing. Accordingly, cycle tourism could be promoted from pandemic sport to pandemic tourism in which people are free to access and participate in many ways of escaping from their routine and boredom of stay-at-home. Keen to get back to normal life with freely spending holiday and leisure time, people tend to figure out tourism with the current pandemic, that is cycling has become the alternative one to choose. From this point, a pandemic lifestyle which is primarily concerned with health is created to be a social order within people.
As the way social and cultural things are constructed, pandemic lifestyle is understood as anything related to pandemic which offers people to adjust with the current situation and produce so-called social order. A thing that becomes lifestyle strives for a collective awareness of the society to keep it up along with the daily life and persistently produce it all the way. Pandemic lifestyle could actually be able to cover more things rather than sport itself since it is part of the social process in general which introduces many aspects. In this context, however, cycle tourism has been stated as a pandemic lifestyle since it is massively and sporadically carried out by the people in doing sport during the pandemic. The main motivation is that it is persistently related to health of both physical and psychological concern and the awareness of a sustainable environment.  

Conclusion
Although this article identified a paucity of patterned pandemic tourism, to estimate the specific aspects of formal regulation, the emergence of such a term has provided the potential tourist sectors which are in need to be developed in accordance with crucial situations. Having experienced many forms of active sports and other physical activities, cycling is the most chosen one in order to be able to heal pandemic impacts itself. Mental and physical health are two aspects deliberately concerned. This article has offered potential discourse and has outlined how cycling brings forward to be a subject which has in particular penetrated social, economical and cultural aspects of life in pandemic. Accordingly, there is a bridge to connect many aspects of the pandemic that inherently ignites knowledge on the one hand and intrigues policy makers which may draw upon to convince society and the business sector as well. As the government has designed an upcoming policy of possibility to return to normal life, what has been reminded and thought of by the pandemic has shaped social life at the same time.

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