Religious Engagement within Refugee Resettlement in Canada: Lessons to Learn
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2021.052-08Keywords:
Religious Engagement, Refugee Resettlement, Social Capital, Immigration Policy.Abstract
In recent years, Canada has become a global leader in refugees and the top world leader in refugee resettlement. Direct participation by civil society, mainly dominated by the religious congregation and faith-based organizations in resettlement, has been the hallmark of Canada's private sponsorship program and a significant element in its success. This paper explores the evidence base of existing literature covering religious engagement within Canada's umbrella of refugee resettlement. Religious engagement is exemplified by the involvement of religious groups, congregations or communities in refugee resettlement which defines and shapes this policy, particularly in the private refugee sponsorship program. Despite challenges shadowing the process, religious engagement contributes to more outcomes given its potential social capital. It is predicted that religious groups will continue to be leading actors within Canada’s resettlement programs.
Abstract viewed: 508 times
|
PDF downloaded = 214 times
Pesantren Engagement in Child Friendly Cities downloaded = 0 times
References
Adogame, A. (2013). The African christian diaspora: New currents and emerging trends in world christianity. Bloomsbury.
Allen, R. (2010). The bonding and bridging roles of religious institutions for refugees in a non-gateway context. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(6), 1049–1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903118130
Beaman, L. G., Selby, J. A., & Barras, A. (2016). No mosque, no refugees: Some reflections on syrian refugees and the construction of religion in canada. In The refugee crisis and religion: Secularism, security and hospitality in question (Critical perspectives on religion in international politics). Rowman & Littlefield International.
Bhabha, J. (2018). Can we solve the migration crisis? Polity Press
Bocker, A., & Havinga, T. (1998). Asylum Applications in the European Union: Patterns and Trends and the Effects of Policy Measures. Journal of Refugee Studies, 11(3), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/11.3.245
Bourdieu, P. (1983). The field of cultural production, or: The economic world reversed. Poetics, 12(4–5), 311–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422X(83)90012-8
Bramadat, P. (2014). Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: Refugee Settlement and Religion in British Columbia. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 82(4), 907–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfu040
Breslow, M., Haines, D., Philipsen, D., & Williamson, I. (1997). Richmond’s refugees: Understanding the interaction between refugees and their new communities. Migration World, 25, 31–34.
Canadian Bill of Rights, Pub. L. No. S.C. 1960, c. 44. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-12.3/page-1.html
Canetti D, Snider KL, Pedersen A, & Hall BJ. (2016). Threatened or Threatening? How Ideology Shapes Asylum Seekers’ Immigration Policy Attitudes in Israel and Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(4), 583–606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few012
Casasola, M. (2016). The Indochinese Refugee Movement and the Subsequent Evolution of UNHCR and Canadian Resettlement Selection Policies and Practices. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 32(2), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40270
Cecil, D., Stolzfus, K., & Hagues, R. J. (2018). The role of faith and faith based organizations in the german response to the refugee crisis. Social Work and Christianity, 45(3), 93–110.
Chiba, H. (2014). The Role of the Protestant Church in the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program during the Early Cold War Era: The Methodist Case. Exchange, 43(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/1572543X-12341300
Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
Derwing, T. M. 1951-, Prairie Metropolis Centre., & Prairie Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration. (2003). The Kosovar sponsoring experience in Northern Alberta (Vol. 1–1 online resource (16 pages: tables).). Prairie Metropolis Centre; WorldCat.org. http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/250191
Dwyer, T. (2010). Refugee integration in the united states: Challenges and opportunities [White Paper]. Church World Service.
Ebaugh, H. R. (2003). Religion and the new immigrants. In Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge University Press.
Eby, J., Iverson, E., Smyers, J., & Kekic, E. (2011). The Faith Community’s Role in Refugee Resettlement in the United States. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24(3), 586–605.
Frederiks, M. (ed). (2016). Religion, migration, and identity: Methodological and theological explorations (Vol. 2). Brill.
Gibelman, M., & Gelman, S. R. (2003). The promise of faith‐based social services: Perception versus reality. Social Thought, 22(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2003.9960323
Good Gingrich, L., & Enns, T. (2019). A Reflexive View of Refugee Integration and Inclusion: A Case Study of the Mennonite Central Committee and the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. Refuge, 35(2), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.7202/1064816ar
Government of Canada. (2019). How Canada’s Refugee System Works. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/canada-role.html
Government of Canada. (2020). Canada: A History of Refuge. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigrationrefugees-citizenship/services/refugees/canada-role/timeline.html
Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies: A typology of reviews, Maria J. Grant & Andrew Booth. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Greely, A. (1997). Coleman revisited: Religious structures as a source of social capital. The American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 587–594.
Handy, F., & Greenspan, I. (2009). Immigrant volunteering: A stepping stone to integration? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(6), 956–982.
Harder, P. (2019). Celebrating 40 years of privately sponsored refugees in Canada. Available at: https://senate-gro.ca/news/celebrating-40-years-of-privately-sponsored-refugees-in- canada/
Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000044
Hollenbach, D. (2014). Religion and forced migration. In The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies.
Hyndman, J., Payne, W., & Jiminez, S. (2017). The state of private refugee sponsorship in canada: Trends, issues, and impacts. Centre of Excellence for Research in Immigration and Settlement. Available at: http://refugeeresearch.net/wp- content/uploads/2017/02/hyndman_feb’17.pdf
IRCC. (2016). Evaluation of the Resettlement Programs (GAR, PSR, BVOR and RAP). Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees- citizenship/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations/resettlement-programs.html
Ives, N. (2007). More than a “good back”: Looking for integration in refugee resettlement. Refuge, 24(2), 54–63.
Ives, N., & Sinha, J. W. (2010). The religious congregation as partner in refugee resettlement: An overview of theory and practice for social workers. Canadian Social Work Fall 2010, 12(1), 210–217.
Ives, N., Sinha, J. W., & Cnaan, R. (2010). Who Is Welcoming the Stranger? Exploring Faith-Based Service Provision to Refugees in Philadelphia. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 29(1), 71–89. WorldCat.org.
Ivry, J. (1992). Paraprofessionals in Refugee Resettlement. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 2(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1300/J285v02n01_07
Jackson, D., & Passarelli, A. (2016). Mapping migration, mapping churches’ responses in europe. Available at: http://www.ceceurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/2016-01-08- Mapping_Migration_2015_Online lo-res 2_.pdf
Janzen, R., Chapman, M. D., & Watson, J. W. (2012). Integrating Immigrants into the Life of Canadian Urban Christian Congregations: Findings from a National Survey. Review of Religious Research, 53(4), 441–470.
Janzen, R., Stobbe, A., Chapman, M., & Watson, J. (2016). Canadian Christian Churches as Partners in Immigrant Settlement and Integration. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 14(4), 390–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2015.1123792
Johnstone, P., Merrill, D., & Bauman, S. (2018). Serving god in a migrant crisis. InterVasity Press.
Keller, S. L. 1937-. (1975). Uprooting and social change: The role of refugees in development. Manohar Book Service.
Kelley, Ninette., & Trebilcock, M. J. 1941-. (2010). The making of the mosaic: A history of Canadian immigration policy (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Khallouk, M. (2018). Confronting the current refugee crisis: The importance of islamic citizens initiatives in germany. In Religion in the european refugee crisis. Palgrave MacMillan.
Kivisto, P. (2014). Religion and immigration migrant faiths in north america and western europe. Polity Press.
Koser, K. (2016). International Migration: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn) (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198753773.001.0001
Labman, S. (2016). Private Sponsorship: Complementary or Conflicting Interests? Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 32(2), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40266
Labman, S., & Pearlman, M. (2018). Blending, Bargaining, and Burden-Sharing: Canada’s Resettlement Programs. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19(2), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0555-3
Lamba, N. K., & Krahn, H. (2003). Social capital and refugee resettlement: The social networks of refugees in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale, 4(3), 335–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-003-1025-z
Lee, E. S., Szkudlarek, B., Nguyen, D. C., & Nardon, L. (2020). Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration. International Journal of Management Reviews, 22(2), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12222
Lenard, P. T. (2016). Resettling refugees: Is private sponsorship a just way forward? Journal of Global Ethics, 12(3), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2016.1247290
Ley, D. (2008). The Immigrant Church as an Urban Service Hub. Urban Studies, 45(10), 2057–2074.
Loescher, G. (2021). Refugees: A very short introduction (Vol. 1–1 online resoruce (152 pages): illustrations (black and white).). Oxford University Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198811787.001.0001
Macklin, A., Barber, K., Goldring, L., Hyndman, J., Korteweg, A., Labman, S., & Zyfi, J. (2018). A Preliminary Investigation into Private Refugee Sponsors. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0014
Markusoff, J. (2019, January 23). Canada now brings in more refugees than the u.s. MacLeans. Available at: https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/refugee-resettlement-canada/
Mavelli, L., & Wilson, E. K. (2017). The refugee crisis and religion: Secularism, security and hospitality in question (Vol. 1–1 online resource.). Rowman & Littlefield International.
McKinley, C. (2008). Welcoming the stranger: The canadian church and the private sponsorship of refugees program. Ryerson.
Moghissi, H. 1944-, Rahnema, S. 1942-, & Goodman, M. J. 1941-. (2009). Diaspora by design: Muslims in Canada and beyond (Vol. 1–1 online resource (xv, 223 pages)). University of Toronto Press. https://www.deslibris.ca/ID/430761
Nichols, J. B. (1988). The uneasy alliance: Religion, refugee work, and U.S. foreign policy. Oxford University Press.
Portes, A. (1995). Economic sociology and the sociology of immigration. In Economic sociology of immigration (pp. 19–48). Russell Sage Foundation.
Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
Reimer, S., Chapman, M., Janzen, R., Watson, J., & Wilkinson, M. (2016). Christian Churches and Immigrant Support in Canada: An Organizational Ecology Perspective. Review of Religious Research, 58(4), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-016-0252-7
Rohe, M. (2016). Der Islam in Deutschland: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. C.H. Beck.
Saunders, J. B., Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E., & Snyder, S. (Eds.). (2016). Intersections of Religion and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58629-2
Selm, J. V. (2014). Refugee Resettlement. In The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies. http://doi.org.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199652433.013.0014
Serrao, R., & Cavendish, J. (2018). The Social Functions and Dysfunctions of Brazilian Immigrant Congregations in “terra incognita.” Review of Religious Research, 60(3), 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-018-0333-x
Simmons, J., & Bourne, L. S. (2013). The Canadian urban system in 2011: Looking back and projecting forward. Cities Centre, University of Toronto.
Snyder, S. (2011). Un/settling Angels: Faith-Based Organizations and Asylum-Seeking in the U.K. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24(3), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fer029
Trinidad, A. M. O., Soneoulay-Gillespie, T., Birkel, R. C., & Brennan, E. M. (2018). Parish collaboration and partnership in welcoming refugees: A case study. Social Work and Christianity, 45(3), 73–92. Available at: https://www.nacsw.org/Publications/SWC/SWC45_3.pdf?utm_source=getresponse&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=member_newsletters&utm+More+in+NACSW%27s+October+eNew
UNHCR. (2010). Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees 1951. https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html
UNHCR. (2012). High commissioner’s dialogue on protection challenges: Faith and protection. https://www.unhcr.org/high-commissioners-dialogue-on-protection- challenges-2012.html
UNHCR. (2013). Welcoming the strangers: Affirmation for faith leaders. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/hcdialogue%20/51b6de419/welcoming-stranger-affirmations-faith-leaders.html
UNHCR. (2016). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf
UNHCR. (2021). Resettlement. UNHCR. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/resettlement.html
United Nations High Commissioner for. (n.d.-a). UNHCR Global Trends 2014. UNHCR. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/country/556725e69/unhcr-global-trends-2014.html
United Nations High Commissioner for. (n.d.-b). UNHCR Resettlement Handbook: Country Chapter - Canada. UNHCR. Retrieved September 25, 2021, from https://www.unhcr.org/protection/resettlement/3c5e55594/unhcr-resettlement-handbook-country-chapter-canada.html
Van Dijk, J. (2001). The role of religion in the post war settlement patterns of dutch canadians. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 38(1), 57–74.
Weisinger, J. Y., & Salipante, P. F. (2005). A grounded theory for building ethnically bridging social capital in voluntary organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(29–55).
What is forced migration?—Forced Migration Online. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20170801223932/http://www.forcedmigration.org/about/whatisfm/what-is-forced-migration
Wilkinson, M. (2009). Transforming pentecostalism: The migration of pentecostals to canada. In Canadian Pentecostalism (pp. 263–267). McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Wohlin, C. (2014). Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, 38.
Zaman, T. (2016). Islamic traditions of refuge in the crises of iraq and syria (Religion and global migrations). Palgrave Macmillan. http://doi.org.10.1057/9781137550064
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
(1) The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.(2) Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
(3) The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions.
(4) The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site.
