SOCIAL CAPITAL IN FISHERMEN LIVELIHOOD: CASE STUDY IN "KELOMPOK USAHA BERSAMA" (KUBE) KETAPANG, PANGKALPINANG, BANGKA

The empowerment of social community in a sustainable way becomes an unavoidable need, including within the fishermen community. As one of the economically marginalized social communities, the Fisherman community needs more serious attention from all related parties to create a join business group (Kelompok Usaha Bersama/KUBE) to improve their welfare. This article intends to find out how KUBE in Ketapang strengthen social capital in their groups as a strategy to increase the welfare of their members. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach through observation and in-depth interviews with 5 (five) fisherman informants as data collection techniques. The results showed that economic capital was not the main factor in increasing the empowerment of fishermen, but the social capital of KUBE group, such as networks, trust, and social bonds (bonding), have played a more important role in increasing the welfare of their members.


A. INTRODUCTION
The sustainable life development approach (livelihood) is an important study in looking at the process of community empowerment to improve the conditions of underdevelopment of low-income or poor groups. The livelihood approach is used to see community-based development itself. The survival of a livelihood strategy as a community-based development is influenced by social capital factors that bind the group within it into a social vitality (Cai & Gong, 2014 ;Theresia, 2015 ;Kabaso, 2021 ) The relationship between strong social capital as a motivating factor for community-based development becomes a sociological study in looking at fishermen's livelihood strategies through joint business groups or what is called in the title as Indonesian slogan "Kelompok Usaha Bersama" (KUBE). The approach in this study aims to look at the livelihood strategies of fishermen based on the difficulty of access of poor fishermen to pre-fishing facilities.
In addition, this study also sees the ability of fishermen as agents of change in social relations in their communities to become more empowered in managing facilities and accessing resources for fishing in the sea. This study examines the condition of poor fishermen who experience a deficit in fish sales and access to resources, then how their strategies for survival by utilizing social capital owned by fellow fishermen through a 'Kelompok Usaha Bersama' (KUBE). The study then looks at the potential that could emerge from the existence of this KUBE as an agent in developing the welfare of fishermen in the coastal areas.
Community-based fisheries management is an effort to maintain the sustainability of resources, one of which practices can be done through Community Based Management (CBM) where management is fully carried out by fishermen or fisheries businesses through organizational groups. Through this model, fishermen's participation in managing resources is very high, because they have autonomy with bottom-up planning, thus increasing their sense of ownership of shared resources (Satria, 2015). Social Capital in Fishermen Livelihood: Case Study in "Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE) Ketapang, Pangkalpinang, Bangka There are several previous studies that have been carried out related to social capital, which in this study the author uses as a literature review According to Fathy (2019) article entitled "Social Capital: Concepts, Inclusiveness and Community Empowerment," explains that social capital is not merely seen as an outcome but rather as a process. Social capital undergoes continuous formation and always accumulates itself. Unlike other forms of modality, social capital will never run out when used. The quality of social capital will actually get better if it is often used. In this regard, some general factors that influence capital formation are: habits, position (role of actors), education, socioeconomic class and personal values. Sakaria et al., (2020)  interaction between communities can also be seen as a potential that can be developed to formulate an effective fisheries resource management mechanism. People's conflicting or competing desires are a natural part of society. However, this characteristic is also the reason for the need to develop a fishery resource management mechanism that can resolve conflicts. The mechanism is to let the communities themselves determine ways of managing fishery resources aimed at achieving goals that are also set by themselves.

Triadiyatma (2016) in his thesis entitled "Fishermen Conflict
Resolution Model Based on Local Wisdom as Social Capital in Lekok District, Pasuruan Regency" provides an explanation that conflict resolution between fishermen in settlement efforts carried out by the government is through mediation in the form of counseling and socialization, and involves fishing community leaders and religious leaders who collaborate to bring together conflicting parties in search of conflict solutions. In addition, conflicts that occur can also be resolved through a wise way, namely deliberation or compromise, by compensating each other between the conflicting parties if someone feels aggrieved. Based on the results of the analysis of the fishing communities, it can be concluded that they have a typology of bound social capital and its causes, implying the need for policies in order to increase social capital in these fishing communities. The policy in question is the improvement of the social structure related to the economic life of the fishing community. Through this policy, it is hoped that the relationship between members in a group will not only focus on economic issues and the relationship between groups will be stronger. the need for policies in order to increase social capital in the fishing community. The policy in question is the improvement of the social structure related to the economic life of the fishing community. Through this policy, it is hoped that the relationship between members in a group will not only focus on economic issues and the relationship between groups will be stronger.
Based on the explanation above, it is clear that previous research has helped researchers in analyzing techniques for how fishing communities manage and maintain their businesses in an organized manner. But, the position of this article is to see how the social capital of fishermen through KUBE becomes the driving agent of a livelihood strategy that impacts on the development of community-based fisheries resource management.

B. METHODOLOGY
This research uses a qualitative approach with case study as a specific method in order to expline the problem more intensive. As explained in (Creswell, 2015), case study shows that researcher can explore depthly the activities and the processes of one or more individuals; cases are bound by time and activity, and researcher gathers information in detail by using a variety of data collection procedures within a certain time period.
This research was carried out in Ketapang Village, Pangkal Balam District, Pangkal Pinang City, Bangka Belitung Province, which is a coastal area.
The research has been carried out for 3 months. Data collection techniques in this study are observation of the activities and activities of fishermen in the 'Kelompok Usaha Bersama' (KUBE), then in-depth interviews using Malay language to find out the depth of information about the existence, function and purpose of this research. This research uses a purposive sampling technique by interviewing 5 informants consisting of fishermen in the Ketapang subdistrict who are members of KUBE. There is no leader involved as informant in this study due to this study focused on how the group in KUBE can sustain the bounding of the group.

Ketapang, Pangkalpinang, Bangka
The results show about several factors influenced the background of fishermen in Ketapang, Pangkal Balam Subdistrict, Pangkal Pinang City who live in poverty. Influencing factors such as lack of ownership of production equipment such as boats and fishing equipment; the pattern of life of fishermen in meeting their daily needs, limited access to market fish, as well as limitations in social networks or relationships. These factors make fishing businesses difficult to develop. The most significant factor that most influences the limitations of fishermen in business development is their daily routine in going to sea, which leaves them with no time to join community organizations and gather relationships or social networks. This affects the limitations of fishermen in accessing information for business development through more cooperative and systematic management, both in catching fish, marketing fish and managing productive businesses.
The lagging of fishermen in accessing and managing these resources has pushed some fishermen who are agents of change in livelihood strategies.
One of the strategies carried out through KUBE as a form of community-based management is a strategy of empowering the fishing community through the fishing community itself and the surrounding community network.
The main objective of this KUBE is to optimize the flow of information as a way to empower and improve the welfare of poor fishermen. KUBE has been formed to build a network between fishermen and other sources that can support the welfare of fishermen. KUBE is a program from the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs in the framework of improving the welfare of the The regulation also states that KUBE must have a structured membership of 5-20 people. In addition, KUBE is also required to have a social companion consisting of institutions or community leaders in their area. This study involved 5 fishermen who were members of KUBE as informants.
Based on the results of interviews with several informants, it can be explained that the existence of KUBE has proven to help increase fishermen's income because of the contribution program from fishermen. In addition, with the existence of KUBE, fishermen can also get knowledge transfer from experienced fishermen and the workload can be shared. Thus, the old fishermen are no longer too burdened.
"Through our group, we can help each other, for example there is a contribution of solidarity, so that the others no longer lack money, it is also arranged that the loss is shared. (Interview with AL, September 2, 2019) It showed that solidarity to help each other is very essential for building community in the basis. It's also strengthened by TG's statement as an old Fishermen, getting experience with younger fishermen that the old can learn from the young, share experiences, our energy is also not the same as before, so there are not many fish that can be obtained ... but in this group all are born together to be fair 1 .

The intensive communication, interaction and shared-values and
practices as fishirment have been also fostered togetherness. Sharing based on experience among the fishermen has become an alternative way to connect more closely. Some old fishermen figured out some detail meaning and practice in group.
"We learn a lot from the experienced fishermen, because we often interact with this group, we can easily learn from them". (interview with BS, BS, September 7, 2019) From the explanation above, there are principles of justice and togetherness that are built in the fishing community. Through this KUBE fishermen have room to gather and share experiences and strategies in fishing that have the potential to increase the productivity of fish catches.
In addition to funding, fishermen are also given assistance by the government in the form of boats and fishing gear, so this data is used to maximize the productivity of these fishermen. Organizing and also the availability of access to pre facilities for fishermen, has the potential for the future in social change in the economic field and social ties of fishermen groups that are more dynamic.

Companion Community and Information Access
In the formation of KUBE, each group is required to have a companion consisting of community institutions, social welfare institutions and local community leaders. Social Companion has a function to help and evaluate the sustainability of performance and resilience in every KUBE activity. In addition, Social Assistance also facilitates access to information channels from the government to oversee, supervise and provide guidance for KUBE.
It is this access to information that is actually most needed by fishermen as a resource that can be continuously updated and developed. So that fishermen can follow developments in fishing strategies and methods that are more effective. In addition, the need for fishermen to access information on how to manage the fish caught to get a significant profit can be channeled. "There is a companion who helps us, usually the people of the district, as if we are confused about making reports or managing our finances" (Interview with FN, September 4, 2019)

Social Capital in Fishermen Livelihood: Case Study in "Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE) Ketapang, Pangkalpinang, Bangka
It is also explained by AL that the companion is from the sub-district or important people around here, usually there is counseling about business.
What AL described has been stressed by YD that companions often hold counseling to provide information on how to manage a business, and the information is always new, we are asked to learn several options on how to develop a business strategy too 2 .
Social Assistance has the role to monitor and distribute information so that the activities within KUBE can proceed and increase the productivity of fishermen. Social Assistance also determines the verification of the establishment of KUBE which will be eligible to receive assistance as well as guiding technically and motivating the fishermen to remain resilient in carrying out their activities.

Poor Fishermen Livelihood through Social Capital
The findings of this study explain the social capital that drives the potential of poor fishermen to become agents of livelihood, empowering the poor in coastal areas. Social capital itself becomes a sociological study in seeing how people invest in social investment to realize their goals or accumulate other capital. This view of social capital follows the tradition of critical social theory where social capital strengthens to control resources and marginalize other groups or the view of functionalism that emphasizes mutually reinforcing network relationships and fostering trust (Coleman, 2009;Fukuyama, 2016 ;Putnam, 2000). The Social Capital Theory used in this study is the perspective of social capital which mutually reinforces social relations (the tradition of functionalism).

Coleman Social Capital
Social Capital in the view of Coleman shows the representation of weak groups who seek to meet their needs by choosing cooperative actions through collective will negotiating with individual interests for mutually beneficial reciprocal relations. Interesting individual interests and collective collaboration occur in the course of activities within KUBE where fishermen must share production tools and production results in fish management even though the level of productivity of fishermen is different. Equitable production results are carried out by fishermen because there is an obligation of profit sharing applied in the KUBE Rules.
In addition, Coleman's capital analysis can also be used to explain the interwoven interactions of actors who form the Network. Through this KUBE, fishermen who previously spent their time fishing routines, became more interacting and discussing with other fishermen, the community or social assistance parties, especially through socialization activities. So that activities with networks are more institutionalized to maintain sustainability in the production and management of catches. Through this netwo rk, fishermen get more information and socialization about fish management that is more intensive and systematic. Coleman also emphasized the nature of networks that institutionalize expectations and bonds as an important function in the process of realizing goals because they serve to create an environment that is based on trust and help. This social capital is formed through KUBE with rules whose principle is to help each other, then its function is to bind KUBE members as well as social assistants. In addition to the rules that obligate one another to work together, a sense of being citizens who together live in the coastal area of Ketapang, reinforces a sense of trust and closeness in institutionalized relationships. Coleman's intended network here can also be in the form of association (in this case KUBE) with actors who have diverse abilities, but the difference in ability does not preclude the participation and implementation of the program launched by the association. In the association, it emphasizes togetherness more than what contribution can be made. The association also provides a dialogue room and information channel, which in the case of KUBE is through the social assistance function.

Putnam's and Fukuyama's Social Capital
In the view of Putnam (2000) and Fukuyama (2001) (Erel, 2010); Economic Capital, related to the control of economic assets such as money or ownership of goods and services; Symbolic capital is related to the reputation of a group such as charisma, language, e about political, personal, functional, professional, linguistic, intellectual, and scholastic capital. Symbolic Capital has roots in the other forms of capital that a social actor might possess, including social, economic, and cultural capital (Bourdieu & Wacquant, 2013;Anthias, 2007 ; P. A Savchenko, 2020 ).
These capitals are exchanged in the social space to maintain the positions of social agents/actors (Julien, 2015). In this study, the relevance of Bourdieu's thinking lies in the position of fishermen as agents who exchange social capital to increase cultural capital and economic capital. Cultural capital is obtained from knowledge and information about empowerment through management or management of fishing communities through KUBE, while economic capital is obtained from increasing fishermen's welfare with more significant productivity of fishery products.
According to Bourdieu, when these capitals are converted to each other, it will increase the exchanged capital, namely social capital itself. Solidarity in the network can only be formed if each member in it increases each other's benefits, be it financial, cultural or symbolic benefits (Nast & Blokland, 2014 socialization about fish management that is more intensive and systematic.
The concept of Fukuyama's trust and Bourdeiu's capital exchange also emerged through the open access to information and resources to stronger social institutions outside of fishermen.
From the table above, it can be seen that the main problems of fishermen are not only economic problems. Moreover, the social capital needed by fishermen is Bonding, Bridging and Linking. The fishermen were greatly helped by the assistance from the government and from KUBE members. The existence of KUBE really provides positive benefits such as experience and knowledge transfer from more experienced fishermen. In addition, the fishermen also feel that solidarity and a sense of kinship provide excellent energy and strength beyond economic needs.

D. CONCLUDING REMARKS
KUBE is a new opportunity for fishermen, not only as a survival strategy, but also a starting point for developing coastal communities through organizing fishermen. KUBE is one of the potentials to advance the fisheries economy by utilizing community-based management of fishermen. This research is an initial process to be able to see KUBE's potential as a way to rid fishermen from poverty and encourage the economy in the field of fisheries through empowering fishing communities.