Resistensi Perempuan Iran Terhadap Kebijakan Wajib Berhijab Pada Era Hassan Rouhani
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2022.2102.171-186Keywords:
Hijab, Resistensi, Feminisme, Perempuan IranAbstract
Kemenangan revolusi Islam Iran pada tahun 1979, Khomaeni berhasil meningkatkan kembali nilai-nilai keislaman yang sebelumnya mengalami kemunduran karena pemimpin Shah yang sangat menjungjung tinggi budaya Barat. Salah satunya yaitu ketaatan dalam penggunaan hijab bagi perempuan Iran. Kebijakan wajib berhijab bagi perempuan Iran resmi dikeluarkan pada 7 Maret 1979, tidak ada toleransi dalam hal tersebut meski sehari setelahnya demonstrasi dilakukan oleh para perempuan Iran yang mayoritas menolak kebijakan tersebut. Artikel ini menelaah mengenai resistensi perempuan Iran terhadap kebijakan wajib berhijab dengan menggunakan perspektif Feminisme Fatima Mernissi. Dalam pandangan Mernissi, hijab merupakan hasil dari kontruksi sosial dan mencerminkan dominasi laki-laki terhadap perempuan. Melihat realitas pemaksaan untuk berhijab di sejumlah negara di kawasan Timur Tengah, Mernissi mencoba untuk menelaah kembali dan menginterprertasi teks yang menjadi landasan dalam hukum berhijab.
[The victory of Iran's Islamic revolution in 1979, Khomaeni succeeded in re-increasing Islamic values which had previously suffered a setback because of the Shah's leader who highly respected Western culture. One of them is obedience in the use of hijab for Iranian women. The mandatory hijab policy for Iranian women was officially issued on March 7, 1979, there is no tolerance for this even though the day after demonstrations were carried out by Iranian women, the majority of whom rejected the policy. This article examines the resistance of Iranian women to the mandatory hijab policy using the feminist perspective of Fatima Mernissi. In Mernissi's view, the hijab is the result of social construction and reflects the dominance of men over women. Seeing the reality of being forced to wear the hijab in a number of countries in the Middle East region, Mernissi tries to re-examine and interpret the text that forms the basis for the hijab law.]
Downloads
References
Abd Kadir. “Syiah Dan Politik: Studi Republik Islam Iran.” Jurnal Politik Profetik 5, no. 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.24252/profetik.v3i1a1.
Ali Asgari Yazdi dan Musavi Sayyed Ali. “Analytical Study of Hijab in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Journal of Contemporary Research on Islamic Revolution 7, no. 3 (2020).
Ali Bin Zed dan Ratnawati. “Faktor-Faktor Pendorong Kemenangan Hassan Rouhani dalam Pemilu Iran Juni 2013” 17, no. 2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.31315/paradigma.v17i2.2425.
Alimatul Qibtiyah. “Arah Gerakan Feminis Muslim di Indonesia.” UIN Sunan Kalijaga dan Kurnia Kalam Semesta, 2020.
Ami Pratama, Ahmad Khaerul Kholidi, dan Diyani Suci Novita Dewi. “Konsep Wilayatul Faqih Dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Republik Islam Iran.” Jurnal Riset Intervensi Pendidikan (JRIP) 3, no. 2021 (t.t.).
Ani Widyani Soetjipto dan Pande K. Trimayuni, ed. “Konvensi Perempuan: Sebuah Peluang Menggugat Ketidakadilan Berbasis Gender di Iran.” Dalam Gender & Hubungan Internasional: Sebuah Pengantar, Cetakan I. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 2013.
Anjar Nugroho. “Pengaruh Pemikiran Islam Revolusioner Ali Syari’ati Terhadap Revolusi Iran.” Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam 15, no. 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v15i02.1998.
Asma Afsaruddin dan Anan Ameri, ed. Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female “Public” Space in Islamic/Ate Societies. Harvard Middle Eastern monographs 32. Cambridge, Mass: Distributed for the Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University by Harvard University Press, 1999.
Bambang Cipto. Dinamika Politik Iran: Puritanisme Ulama, Proses Demokratisasi dan Fenomena Khatami. Cet. 1. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004.
Chris Barker. Cultural Studies: Teori & Praktik. Diterjemahkan oleh Nurhadi. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana, 2004.
Dr. Mohammed Sayyed al Sayyad dan Ruba Al Bawi. “The Hijab and Politics in Iran.” Rasanah: International Institute for Iranian Studies, 2020. https://rasanah-iiis.org/english/centre-for-researches-and-studies/the-hijab-and-politics-in-iran/.
Dr.Siti Zubaidah,M.Ag. Pemikiran Fatima Mernissi tentang Kedudukan Wanita dalam Islam. Disunting oleh Dr.Sulidar,M.Ag. Cet.1. Bandung: Citapustaka Media Perintis, 2010.
Euan McKirdy. “Iranian Women Take off Headscarves to Protest Veil Law.” CNN, 30 Januari 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/30/middleeast/iran-hijab-protests-vida-mohaved-intl/index.html.
Fadwa El-Guindi. Jilbab: Antara Kesalehan, Kesopanan, dan Perlawanan. Disunting oleh Asrori S.Kami. Diterjemahkan oleh Mujiburohman. Jakarta: Serambi, 2004.
Falka Haidar. “Pengaruh Feminisme Barat Pada Gerakan Kesetaraan Gender Di Republik Islam Iran.” Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 2020. Department of International Relations. http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/32585.
Farinaz Basmechi dan Gabe Ignatow. “Forming an Affective Public Online: Aggressive Posts and Comments in the My Stealthy Freedom Movement.” First Monday, 9 Februari 2021. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i3.11471.
Fatima Mernissi. Beyond The Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. Rev. ed., 1st Midland Book ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
———. Teras Terlarang: Kisah Masa Kecil Seorang Feminis Muslim. Cet.1. Bandung: Penerbit Mizan, 1999.
———. Wanita dalam Islam. Bandung: Bandung Pustaka, 1994.
Gi Yeon Koo. “To be Myself and have My Stealthy Freedom: The Iranian Women’s Engagement with Social Media.” Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos 21, no. 2016 (2016): 141–57. https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2016.21.011.
Hamideh Sedghi. Women and Politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Hooma Hoodfar. “Iranian Women Risk Arrest: Daughters of the Revolution.” The Conversation, 3 Juli 2018. https://nationalpost.com/news/world/iranian-women-risk-arrest-daughters-of-the-revolution.
Kamila Adnani, Wening Udasmoro, dan Ratna Noviani. “Resistensi Perempuan Terhadap Tradisi-Tradisi Di Pesantren Analisis Wacana Kritis Terhadap Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban” 6, no. 2 (27 Oktober 2016). https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.15520.
Katherine Bullock. Rethinking Muslim Women and The Veil: Challenging Historical & Modern Stereotypes. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2002.
Kiki Mikail. “Iran di Tengah Hegemoni Barat (Studi Politik Luar Negeri Iran Pasca Revolusi 1979).” Tamaddun: Jurnal Kebudayaaan dan Sastra Islam 13, no. 2 (2013).
Lacey Sloan. “Women’s Oppression or Choice? One American’s View on Wearing the Hijab.” Affilia 26, no. 2 (Mei 2011): 218–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109911405827.
M. Nuruzzaman. Kiai Husein Membela Perempuan. Cet. 1. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pesantren : Distribusi, LKiS Pelangi Aksara, 2005.
Marziyeh Bakhshizadeh. “Women’s Rights in Iran and CEDAW: a Comparison.” Dalam Changing Gender Norms in Islam Between Reason and Revelation, 1 ed. Budrich UniPress, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8xnfv0.
Muhamad Hasan Asyadily. “Telaah Kritis Pemahaman Hijab dalam Framework Fatima Mernissi.” Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan 7, no. 2 (31 Desember 2019): 303. https://doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v7i2.6371.
Nur Mukhlish Zakariya. “Kegelisahan Intelektual Seorang Feminis (Telaah Pemikiran Fatima Mernissi Tentang Hermeneutika Hadîts).” Karsa : Journal of Social and Islamic Culture 19, no. 2 (16 Februari 2012). https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v19i2.61.
Razali Musa. “A View of Hijab Wearing from Muslim Feminism Perspective.” Ufuq Internasional Journal of Arts and Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (31 Maret 2021): 19–26.
Rumadi Ahmad. Keberagaman Islam Nusantara: Respons atas Isu-isu Kontemporer. Cetakan I. Setiadarma, Tambun, Bekasi: Alif.id, 2021.
Samira Ghoreishi. “My Stealthy Freedom Facebook Page: An Opportunity for the Iranian Feminist Movement?,” 2018. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17145.42084.
Samsi Azizah dan M. Zahrul Anam. “Advokasi Gerakan Perempuan Iran dalam Menantang Ketidakadilan
Gender Pasca Revolusi Tahun 1979-2005.” Dalam The First Universitas Muhammadiyah Undergraduate Conference 2020, disunting oleh Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 2020.
Suzanne Maloney dan Eliora Kartz. “Iran and the Headscarf Protests.” Brookings (blog), 24 Januari 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/iran-and-the-headscarf-protests/.
Usman. “Ulama dalam Konstitusi Negara Imamah.” Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam 4, no. 1 (1 Juli 2017): 208. https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v4i1.1356.
Wisnu Fachrudin Sumarno. “Sejarah Politik Republik Islam Iran Tahun 1905-1979.” Sangkép: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Keagamaan 3, no. 2 (24 Juli 2020): 145–58. https://doi.org/10.20414/sangkep.v3i2.1931.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nabilah Wafa Wijayanto, Roma Ulinnuha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).