Viktimisasi Terhadap Transpuan Sebagai Kelompok Marginal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2024.223.85-98Keywords:
Diskriminasi, Transpuan, Marginal, Viktimisasi, Viktimologi Kritis, HeteronormatifAbstract
Dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat saat ini, harapan untuk berperilaku heteronormatif cukup dominan, sehingga menyulitkan kehidupan komunitas transpuan. Diskriminasi dan stigmatisasi menempatkan transpuan dalam kelompok rentan sehingga mereka juga turut berpotensi menjadi korban kekerasan maupun kejahatan lainnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengelaborasi bentuk-bentuk viktimisasi terhadap kelompok transpuan sebagai kaum marginal serta bagaimana upaya perlindungan terhadap kelompok transpuan ditinjau dari teori viktimologi kritis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah normatif-empiris. Data primer yang digunakan adalah informasi dan keterangan dari wawancara yang dilakukan terhadap responden transpuan di beberapa kota, yaitu Yogyakarta (Kabupaten Sleman dan Kabupaten Bantul), Kota Semarang, Kabupaten Baturaja, dan Kota Makassar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa bentuk viktimisasi terhadap transpuan di antaranya kekerasan fisik dan verbal, kekerasan seksual, viktimisasi properti dan diskriminasi oleh Negara dan masyarakat serta reviktimisasi sosial. Upaya perlindungan seharusnya komprehensif dari berbagai sektor baik ekonomi, sosial, budaya, agama dan hukum.
[In today's society, the expectation of heteronormative behavior is quite dominant, making it difficult for the transgender community to live. Discrimination and stigmatization place transwomen in a vulnerable group so that they have also potential to become victims of violence and other crimes. This research aims to analyze what are the forms of victimization of transgender people as marginalized people and how are the efforts to protect transgender people in terms of critical victimology theory. The research method used is normative-empirical research. The primary data used is information from interviews conducted with transgender respondents in several cities, namely Yogyakarta (Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency), Semarang City, Baturaja Regency, and Makassar City. The results showed that there were several forms of victimization against transgender including physical and verbal violence, sexual violence, property victimization and discrimination of Nation and society and social revictimization. The efforts of protection should be comprehensive, from various sectors including economic, social, culture, religion and law.]
Downloads
References
Amira, Paripurna & Astutik. 2021. “Victimologi dan Sistem Peradilan Pidana”, Yogyakarta, Deepublish.
Ariyanto & Rido Triawan. 2008. Jadi, Kau Tidak Merasa Bersalah: Studi Kasus Terhadap LGBTI. Jakarta Selatan: Citra Grafika.
Arus Pelangi. 2016. “Situasi HAM & Akses Keadilan Kelompok LGBTI”, Laporan Penelitian, Pendokumentasian & Pemantauan Arus Pelangi.
Bennett, L.R. & S.G. Davies. 2015. Sex and sexualities in contemporary indonesia: Sexual politics, health, diversity and representations, New York, Routledge.
Blackwood, E. & M. Johnson. 2012. Queer Asian Subjects: Transgressive Sexualities and Heteronormative Meanings, Asian Studies Review, Vol. 36, No. 4.
Castillo, David Martin & Jose Antonio Jimenez Barbero. 2020. “School Victimization in Transgender People: A Systematic Review”, Journal Pre-proofs.
Davies, Pamela, Peter Francis, & Victor Jupp. 2003. Victimisation: Theory, Research and Policy. Macmillan: Basingstoke.
Effrig, Jessica C., Kathleen J. Bieschke, & Benjamin D. Locke. 2011. “Examining Victimization and Psychological Distress in Transgender College Students”, Journal of College Counseling, Vol. 14.
Eko Rohmat Efendi.”Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia bagi Kelompok Transgender di Indonesia.” Seminar Nasional Kota Ramah Hak Asasi Manusia. Vol. 1. No. 1. 2020. 165-173.
Febriani Nathania Ines & Irwanto. 2021. “Gambaran Resiliensi Transpuan yang Bekerja sebagai Pekerja Seks Di Jakarta”, Jurnal PSIKODIMENSIA, Vol. 20, No. 1.
Griner, Stacey B., Cheryl A. Vamos, Erika L. Thompson, Rachel Logan, Coralia Vázquez-Otero, dan Ellen M. Daley. 2017. “The Intersection of Gender Identity and Violence: Victimization Experienced by Transgender College Students”, Journal of Interpersonal Violence. DOI: 10.1177/0886260517723743.
Hendricks, Michael L & Rylan J. Testa. 2012. “A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model”, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol. 43, No. 5.
Ilham, Lailul & Ach. Farid. 2019. “Kebahagiaan Dalam Perspektif Masyarakat Marjinal”
Jurnal Sosiologi Agama, Vol. 13, No. 2.
Jati, Fardi Prabowo, dkk. 2021. Pengakuan Identitas Waria di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Waria yang Berhadapan dengan Hukum di Yogyakarta), Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 50, No. 3.
Liem, 2016. Just tolerance is not enough: A guideline for Indonesian mental health professional working with transgender and intersex clients, Amplify Conference, Born Free 4-6.
Manakar, Reza, & Max Traves. 2005. Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research: A Series published for The OṄATI institute for the sociology of law, Oxford and Portland Oregon, Hart Publishing.
Montada, L. 1994. “Injustice in Harm and Loss”, Social Justice Res.
Nolle, Kristen Clements, Rani Marx, & Mitchell Katz. 2016. “Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Persons: The Influence of Gender-Based”, Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 51, No. 3.
Orth, Uli. 2002. “Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings”
Social Justice Research, 15.
Pradipta, Anindita. 2013. Representasi Transgender dan Transeksual dalam Pemberitaan di Media Massa: Sebuah Tinjauan Wacana Kritis, Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia, Vol. 9, No. 1
Rimes, Katharine A., Nicola Goodship, Greg Ussher, Dan Baker & Elizabeth West. 2017. “Non-binary and binary transgender youth: Comparison of mental health, self-harm, suicidality, substance use and victimization experiences”, Taylor & Francis, Internasional Journal of Transgenderism, DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2017.1370627.
Ryan, Caitlin & Ian Rivers. 2003. “Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: Victimization and its correlates in the USA and UK”, Taylor & Francis Health Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2.
Sanger, S.H. 2010. Transgender Identities: Towards a Social Analysis of Gender Diversity. New York: Routledge.
Sefriani. 2010. Hukum Internasional : Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta, Rajawali Pers.
Sterzing, Paul R., G. Allen Ratliff, Rachel E. Gartner, Briana L. McGeough, Kelly C. Johnson. 2017. “Social Ecological Correlates of Polyvictimization among a National Sample of Transgender, Genderqueer, and Cisgender Sexual Minority Adolescents”, Elsevier, Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 67.
Utami, Rona, Rizky Anandasigit Nugraha, Moch Najib Yuliantoro, Hastanti Widy Nugroho. 2020. “Analisis Etika Biomedis Terhadap Pasien Trangender Dalam Mengakses Layanan Kesehatan di Yogyakarta”, Jurnal Filsafat, Vol. 30, No. 1.
Wheeler, S., & PA Thomson. 2002. Socio-legal Studies, in DJ. Hayton, (ed), Laws futures, Oxford, Hart Publishing.
Wolhuter, Lorraine., et al. 2009. Victimology Victimisation and Victims’ Right, Routledge-Cavendish, USA dan Canada.
Women Loving Women in Africa and Asia: Trans/Sign Report of Research Finding; Female transgender: Gender & sexual identities among transgender female to male persons in Jakarta, Diakses melalui Naskah Akademik Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual, https://www.dpr.go.id/dokakd/dokumen/RJ1-20170307-091105-5895.pdf
Zakiah, Naila Risqi. 2018. Bahaya Akut Persekusi LGBT, Jakarta Selatan, Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Masyarakat.
Peraturan
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia (KPI) Nomor 23/K/KPI/02/2016
Peraturan Jaksa Agung Republik IndonesiaNomor PER-048 /A/JA/12/2011 TentangPengadaan Pegawai Negeri Sipil Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia
Undang-undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2014 tentang Kesehatan Jiwa dan Pedoman Penggolongan Diagnosis Gangguan Jiwa (PPDGJ)-III
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Candra Vira Faradillah, Muhammad Aswar Basri, Endang Sari, Ana Purwanto, Achmad Ibrahim Wijaya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).