Gendering Heaven: Reconsidering ‘Those Promised Janna’ In Islam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2026.251.61-78Keywords:
Ashra al-Mubassharūn, Female companions, Gendered discourse, AndrocentrismAbstract
Paper ini mengkritisi wacana al-mubashsharūn bi al-jannah ("orang-orang yang dijanjikan surga") sebagai sebuah kategori sosial yang membatasi pemahaman terhadap gambaran penghuni surga sebagaimana disampaikan oleh Nabi Muhammad. Kajian ini berfokus pada sepuluh sahabat laki-laki yang secara tradisional dikenal sebagai al-mubashsharūn, yang kerap diposisikan sebagai teladan ideal bagi umat Islam. Status istimewa ini sebagian besar dibangun melalui narasi yang bersifat androsentris, yang menonjolkan otoritas laki-laki sekaligus meminggirkan para sahabat perempuan yang juga dijaminan surga. Berangkat dari pemikiran Yasmin Amin, artikel ini meninjau kembali para sahabat perempuan sebagai teladan moral serta menyoroti minimnya representasi mereka dalam diskursus mengenai kehidupan akhirat. Tulisan ini menganalisis konstruksi wacana al-mubashsharūn yang berpusat pada patriarki center dalam sumber-sumber klasik Islam, khususnya literatur hadis dan ṭabaqāt, sembari mengangkat kembali riwayat-riwayat yang kurang mendapat perhatian mengenai perempuan yang dijamin masuk surga. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa narasi-narasi tersebut mencerminkan bias gender yang mengaburkan kontribusi perempuan dalam kesalehan Islam. Hal ini tentu saja akan menelusuri keberlanjutan bias tersebut dalam literatur Salafi pada periode-periode berikutnya dan menunjukkan bagaimana bias itu memperkuat kedudukan istimewa sepuluh sahabat laki-laki, sekaligus mengurangi visibilitas para sahabat perempuan sebagai teladan keislaman dari waktu ke waktu.
Kata Kunci : Ashra al-Mubassharūn, Sahabiyah, Wacana Gender, Androsentrisme
[This study critiques the discourse of "those promised heaven" as a limiting social category for understanding the Prophet's portrayal of heavenly inhabitants. It focuses on the ten male companions promised heaven, often depicted as "ideal" Muslims, with their promise predominantly discussed in androcentric narratives that elevate male dominance while sidelining the females also promised heaven. Building on recent scholarship by Yasmin Amin, the article reconsiders female companions as moral paragons and examines how their roles are underrepresented in discussions of the afterlife. The study explores the male-centered nature of the "al-mubashsharūn" discourse in classical Islamic texts, particularly ḥadīth and ṭabaqāt literature. It also reviews overlooked accounts of female companions guaranteed heaven. The paper challenges the gender bias in these narratives, asserting the importance of incorporating women's agency and participation in piety. Finally, it investigates the persistence of such biases in later Salafi literature, which has consequently reinforced the preferential status of the ten male companions over time.
Keywords:‘Ashra al-Mubassharūn, Female companions, Gendered discourse, Androcentrism.]
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