Gender Equality In Rural Banyumas Indonesia: Non-Formal Education As A Catalyst For Social Transformation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2026.251.100-118Keywords:
Competency transformation, Gender relations, Non-formal education, Patriarchal negotiation, Rural dynamicsAbstract
Studi ini menganalisis secara kritis bagaimana program pendidikan nonformal menantang dan merestrukturisasi relasi isu gender pada actifitas tradisionalis di pedesaan Kabupaten Banyumas. Mengembangkan pendekatan di luar kerangka pemberdayaan teknis konvensional, tulisan ini mengkaji interseksionalitas dinamika gender, kesadaran kritis, dan negosiasi struktural di Desa Kemutug Lor dan Desa Melung dalam metode penemuan data ini. Temuan stadi ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan nonformal berbasis komunitas yang difasilitasi oleh Forum Perempuan Desa (FPD) dan jaringan local yang berfungsi sebagai arena sosiostruktural tempat peran gender dinegosiasikan dan ditransformasikan. Meskipun pendidikan nonformal meningkatkan literasi digital, agensi kewirausahaan, dan partisipasi publik perempuan di desa, keberjalanannya tetap berada dalam kungkungan norma patriarki dan hambatan struktural. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa transformasi kompetensi sejati tidak hanya terjadi melalui akuisisi keterampilan, melainkan melalui lahirnya kesadaran gender kritis yang memungkinkan perempuan mendekomposisi domestikasi serta merekonfigurasi posisi sosial mereka dalam tata kelola pedesaan.
Kata kunci: Transformasi kompetensi; Relasi gender; Pendidikan nonformal; Negosiasi patriarki; Dinamika pedesaan.
[This study critically analyzes how non-formal education programs challenge and reshape traditional gender relations in rural Banyumas Regency. Moving beyond conventional technical empowerment frameworks, these studies investigate the intersections of gender dynamics, critical consciousness, and structural negotiations in Kemutug Lor and Melung Villages using a mixed-methods approach. The findings demonstrate that community-based non-formal education—facilitated by the Village Women’s Forum (FPD) and local networks—functions as a socio-cultural arena where gender roles are continuously negotiated and transformed. While non-formal education enhances digital literacy, entrepreneurial agency, and public participation among rural women, it operates within deeply entrenched patriarchal norms and structural constraints. This article argues that true competency transformation occurs not merely through skill acquisition, but through the emergence of critical gender consciousness, enabling women to subvert domestic confinement and redefine their social positioning in rural governance.
Keywords: Competency transformation; Gender relations; Non-formal education; Patriarchal negotiation; Rural dynamics.]
References
Achmad, Willya. 2024. "Empowering Women as Agents of Change in Reducing Stunting in Indonesia." Fox Justi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 14, no. 2: 104–112. https://doi.org/10.58471/justi.v14i02.
Ahmad, Jihan Tiara Sari, A., A. Hadziq Wardana, Moch. Nur Ilham Rosyid, E. Widianto, and A. Rasyad. 2022. "Literatur Review: Tren Perkembangan Pendidikan Non-Formal di Indonesia." Jurnal Pendidikan 7, no. 2: 76–82. https://doi.org/10.26740/jp.v7n2.p76-82.
Almeida, Fernando, and José Morais. 2025. "Non-formal Education as a Response to Social Problems in Developing Countries." E-Learning and Digital Media 22, no. 2: 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530241231843.
Bahri, E. S., Moch. M. B. M. Aslam, and Y. Hermawan. 2024. "Innovation in Non-formal Education in Indonesia." Journal of Psychology and Sustainable Education (JPSE) 1, no. 2: 51–56. https://journal.p2ti.com/index.php/jpse/index
Baily, Susan. 2015. "Identifying Structural Changes from Within: Emancipatory Narratives Exploring Community Constraints to Women's Education and Empowerment in Rural India." Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education 9, no. 3: 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2015.1044085.
Banggu, M., M. D. Kalagison, A. Lestari, Salmawati, L. Basri, and M. S. Refra. 2023. "Peningkatan Ketahanan Pangan Masyarakat melalui Pelatihan Pembuatan Kembang Goyang Sagu di Kampung Baingkete." Abdimas: Papua Journal of Community Service 5, no. 2: 52–57.
Basheer, S., and R. Rafiq. 2025. "Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Competencies in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Education and Women Entrepreneurs' Performance." Journal of the International Council for Small Business. https://doi.org/10.1080/26437015.2025.2532780.
Basister, M. P., and M. L. S. Valenzuela. 2021. "Model of Collaboration for Philippine Inclusive Education." In International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, vol. 17, 201–216. Bingley: Emerald Group Holdings. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-363620210000017018.
Bayram, G. E., A. T. Bayram, and M. Sak. 2024. Empowering Women through Rural Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6572-4.
Bhindi, J. S., and R. Jangra. 2024. "Empowering Rural Women Entrepreneurs: The Intricate Tapestry of Family and Social Support Networks in India." In Empowering Women through Rural Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship, 139–178. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6572-4.ch008.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 2018. "The Forms of Capital." In The Sociology of Economic Life, 3rd ed., 78–92. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338.
Chaikovska, H., I. Levchyk, M. Fedoruts, V. Polishchuk, and O. Mazur. 2023. "Development of Social Competence in High School Students in the Context of Non-Formal Education." Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia 51: 178–198. https://doi.org/10.15388/ActPaed.2023.51.11.
D'Angelo, S., R. Marcus, and E. Ngabonzima. 2022. "Teaching and Learning for Life Skills Development: Insights from Rwanda's 12+ Programme for Adolescent Girls." Development Policy Review 40 (Suppl. 2). https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12622.
Edralin, Divina M., Maria Victoria P. Tibon, and Ferdinand C. Tugas. 2015. "Initiating Women Empowerment and Youth Development Through Involvement in Non-Formal Education in Three Selected Parishes: An Action Research on Poverty Alleviation." DLSU Business and Economics Review.
Ergün, Z., A. T. Bayram, and G. E. Bayram. 2024. "Challenges and Opportunities in Rural Women's Entrepreneurship: Navigating Financial, Infrastructural, and Societal Barriers." In Empowering Women through Rural Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship, 1–14. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6572-4.ch001.
Fakhruddin, and I. Shofwan. 2019. "The Impact of Non-Formal Education in Community Development: A Case Study in Pati, Indonesia." International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.
Fan, X., H. Qin, J. Zhang, and F. Zhong. 2024. "The Effect of Family Support on Rural Women's Tourism Entrepreneurial Intention in China." In Routledge Handbook on Gender in Tourism: Views on Teaching, Research and Praxis, 246–269. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003286721-23.
Ferrer-Fons, M., M. Rovira-Martínez, and R. Soler-i-Martí. 2022. "Youth Empowerment Through Arts Education: A Case Study of a Non-Formal Education Arts Centre in Barcelona." Social Inclusion 10, no. 2: 85–94. https://doi.org/10.17645/SI.V10I2.4923.
Firdaus, E., D. Artina, M. A. Rauf, Separen, and T. T. Wijaya. 2024. "Has Women's Participation in Local Government Been Strengthened? A Legal and Political Analysis in Riau Province?" Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 9, no. 1: 155–186. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.vol9i1.4540.
Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder.
Gavigan, S. K., T. M. Cooney, and K. Ciprikis. 2022. "Evaluating the Contribution of Entrepreneurship Training, Perceived Emancipation and Value Creation for Rural Female Entrepreneurs in Uganda." In Research Handbook of Women's Entrepreneurship and Value Creation.
Giddens, Anthony. 1992. The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Haryani, D., and T. J. Raharjo. 2016. "Pelatihan Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dalam Memotivasi Berwirausaha Ibu Rumah Tangga." Journal of Nonformal Education 2, no. 2: 135–144. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v2i2.6787.
Hira, F. T. Z., M. J. Alam, and I. A. Begum. 2025. "Women's Empowerment in Livestock Sector as a Tool to Enhance Child's Nutrition: A Review." Discover Sustainability 6, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00665-w.
Imaculada, J., M. Madeira, T. Reineldis, S. Nahak, F. Suheng, Y. Noserius, G. Loy, M. C. Mega, L. M. T. Dawu, and Y. P. Lian. 2024. "Peningkatan Ekonomi Rumah Tangga melalui Pengolahan Pangan Lokal Pisang Geprek bagi Ibu-Ibu PKK di Desa Mata Air." Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Engagement. https://journalversa.com/s/index.php/ime.
Ismail, S. 2022. "Women's Informal Learning in Poor Communities, Social Movements and Virtual Spaces." In International Encyclopedia of Education, 4th ed., 323–329. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.08048-9.
Istiqomah, and W. R. Adawiyah. 2018. "Development of Rural Group Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: Benefits, Problems, and Challenges." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business.
Janssens, C., G. Van den Broeck, M. Maertens, and I. Lambrecht. 2019. "What If Mothers Are Entrepreneurs? Non-Farm Businesses and Child Schooling in Rural Ghana." Journal of Rural Studies 66: 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.004.
Kicherova, M. N., and I. S. Trifonova. 2023. "Non-Formal Education: The Review of Current Studies." Obrazovanie i Nauka 25, no. 2: 46–67. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2023-2-46-67.
Kieu, T. K., and J. Singer. 2015. "The Contribution of Non-Formal Education for Training Teachers in Education for Sustainable Development in Vietnam: A Case Study." International Journal of Sustainability Education.
Laila, D. A. 2021. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Indonesia melalui Pendidikan Nonformal." Jurnal Pembangunan Pendidikan: Fondasi dan Aplikasi 9, no. 2: 100–112. https://doi.org/10.21831/jppfa.v9i2.44064.
Lukman, A. I. 2021. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Pendidikan Nonformal di PKBM Tiara Dezzy Samarinda." Diklus: Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah 5, no. 2: 180–190. https://doi.org/10.21831/diklus.v5i2.43669.
Mani, A., and G. Manoharan. 2024. "Innovative Strategies: How Women Rural Entrepreneurs Drive Competitive Success Through Creativity." In Empowering Women through Rural Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship, 233–252. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6572-4.ch012.
Meirinawati, M., I. Prabawati, E. H. Fanida, and R. A. Fitrie. 2024. "Implementation of the Past Learning Recognition Programme for Village Officials to Achieve Village Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)." E3S Web of Conferences 568. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456804029.
Melin, M., G. Lieblein, T. A. Breland, and C. Francis. 2022. "Network Learning and Transitional Change in a Global Project for Transforming Sustainability Education." Open Research Europe 2: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14407.1.
Minsih, F. Kurniawati, and I. Mujahid. 2020. "Maths Village as a Community-Based Education for Primary School Students in Bandardawung Village, Karanganyar, Indonesia." International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.
Namoog, M. Y. 2024. "A Critical Assessment of Non-Formal Education as a Strategic Tool for Enhancing District Assembly Women's Participation in Local Governance in the Northern Sector of Ghana." In Sustainable Community Development in Ghana, 96–120. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003366041-9.
Namoog, M. Y., and B. Agyekum. 2024. "Non-formal Education and Women's Empowerment: An Assessment of the Contemporary Relevance of Freire's Concept of Conscientisation in Increasing District Assembly Women's Participation in Community Development and Governance in Northern Ghana." Cogent Arts & Humanities 11, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2313338.
Pamungkas, H. A., A. Rasyad, Zulkarnain, and S. Wahyuni. 2025. "Performance and Organizational Adaptation Improvement of Private Course and Training Institutions." Journal of Ecohumanism 4, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v4i1.5945.
Pemerintah Desa Kemutug Lor. 2024. Membaca Buku dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan: Peran Literasi Gender di Kemutug Lor.
Pemerintah Desa Kemutug Lor. 2025. Peran Perempuan dalam Meningkatkan Kerukunan Sosial di Kemutug Lor.
Pilela Majokweni, Z. Z., and J. J. Molnar. 2021. "Gender and Rural Vitality: Empowerment Through Women's Community Groups." Rural Sociology 86, no. 4: 886–910.
Promburom, T. 2022. "Transformed Gender Relations in Community-Based Tourism Development: Performing Gender in Homestay Tourism." Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies.
Rad, S. T., I. Boz, S. Polatöz, and H. Ç. Ateş. 2011. "Women's Literacy and Extension Education in Rural Eastern Mediterranean Turkey." African Journal of Agricultural Research.
Reginaldis, M. M., and B. Supriyono. 2024. "Implementation of Village Fund Allocation Policy to Realize Village Self-Reliance."
Rivo Nugroho, Sjafiatul Mardliyah, Heru Siswanto, Monica Widyaswari, and Teguh Dewangga. 2024. "Construction of Knowledge and Learning Experience to Build Digital Literacy in Marginal Communities." Journal of Nonformal Education 10, no. 2: 457–467. https://doi.org/10.15294/jone.v10i2.4826.
Rogers, Alan. 2019. "Second-Generation Non-formal Education and the Sustainable Development Goals: Operationalising the SDGs Through Community Learning Centres." International Journal of Lifelong Education 38, no. 5: 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2019.1636893.
Sheshadri, S., C. Coley, S. Devanathan, and R. B. Rao. 2023. "Towards Synergistic Women's Empowerment–Transformative Learning Framework for TVET in Rural India." Journal of Vocational Education & Training 75, no. 2: 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2020.1834438.
Sperandio, Jill. 2011. "Context and the Gendered Status of Teachers: Women's Empowerment Through Leadership of Non-formal Schooling in Rural Bangladesh." Gender and Education 23, no. 2: 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540251003674097.
Syaadah, R., M. Hady, A. A. Ary, N. Silitonga, and S. F. Rangkuty. 2022. "Pendidikan Formal, Pendidikan Nonformal dan Pendidikan Informal." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 2: 125–131. https://doi.org/10.56832/pema.v2i2.298.
Tanashur, P., B. Andaru, T. C. Miswaty, R. Alawiyah, and H. Wardhana. "Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Pendidikan: Peran Proyek Pengabdian Masyarakat Dalam Menciptakan Kesempatan Yang Adil." Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat IPTEKS 1, no. 1 (2023): 25–32.
Utama, A. A. G. S., T. Rediyanto, P. P. D. Astuti, and Y. Setyowati. 2020. "Electronic Village Financial System Implementation in Banyuwangi: Ready or Not?" International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.
Voigt, Kristina, and Michael Spies. 2020. "Female Education and Social Change: Changing Perceptions of Women's Roles in Society in the High Mountains of Northern Pakistan." Mountain Research and Development 40, no. 4: R9–R16. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00028.1.
Wiyoko, Heru. 2021. Strategi Penguatan Literasi Digital bagi Ibu Rumah Tangga Pedesaan (Action Research bagi Anggota PKK Desa Kalibagor, Kecamatan Kalibagor, Kabupaten Banyumas). Master's thesis, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.
Zawacki-Richter, Olaf, and Insung Jung, eds. 2023. Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Amalia Nur Ramadhani, Puri Septiana Nursetiyawati, Ankarlina Pandu Primadata, Salsabila Damayanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
