Interpreting Friendship and Betrayal in QS. Ali ‘Imrān [3]: 118: A Historical and Linguistic Analysis of Biṭānah and Min Dūnikum

Subaidah Subaidah; Razia Sardar

doi:10.14421/cq.v4i1.5673

Authors

Subaidah Subaidah Universitas KH. Abdul Chalim Mojokerto, Indonesia
Razia Sardar Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14421/cq.v4i1.5673

Keywords:

Friendship, non-Muslim, Ma'nā-cum-Maghzā

Abstract

The diversity of interpretations surrounding the prohibitive figure in QS. Ali ‘Imran [3]: 118, reflected in the terms biṭānah and min dūnikum as presented by various interpreters, carries the potential to foster exclusive behaviors within Muslim communities, especially in multi-religious regions. This study seeks to uncover the historical meaning intended in the verse to clarify the nature of this figure. Utilizing a qualitative approach, with the ma'nā-cum-maghzā method as an analytical tool, the research reveals that biṭānah refers to a close confidant who is granted access to personal information. Interpretations commonly align on this understanding, which contrasts with the term min dūnikum. The latter term is deeply embedded in its immediate context, pointing to a figure who lacks the same level of discretion or shared vision within a friendship. The divergence in vision leads to a potential for betrayal, prompting the verse to issue a caution regarding relationships with such individuals. This caution stems from the character of those who, not sharing the same vision, may harbor ill intentions, both physically and spiritually. The study concludes that the significance of min dūnikumlies not in religious identity but in the nature of the friendship, where differing visions can lead to a propensity for betrayal, even among members of the same community.

Abstract viewed: 55 times |

PDF downloaded = 26 times

References

Al-Alūsī, Maḥmud. Rūḥ Al-Bayān Fī Tafsīr Al-Qur’ān Al-’Aẓīm Wa Sab’ī Al-Maṡanī. Bairūt: Dār al-Kutb al-’Ilmīyah, 2009.

Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad bin Ismā’īl. Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī. Vol. 9. Damaskus: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1993.

Al-Iṣfahānī, al-Husain bin Muḥammad al-Rāghib. Al-Mufradāt Fī Gharīb Al-Qur’an. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1412.

Al-Khāzin, ’Ali bin Muḥammad. Lubāb Al-Ta’wīl Fī Ma’ānī Al-Tanzīl. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutb al-’Ilmīyah, 1415.

Al-Māturīdī, Muḥammad bin Muḥammad. Ta’wīlāt Ahl Al-Sunnah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutb al-’Ilmīyah, 2005.

Al-Marāghī, Aḥmad bin Muṣṭafā. Tafsīr Al-Marāghī. Mesir: Muṣṭafā al-Bāb al-Ḥalabī, 1946.

Al-Musṭafā, Al-’Alamah. Taḥqīq Fī ’Ulūm Al-Qur’an. Irān: Markaz aṡar al-’Alamah al-Musṭafā, n.d.

Al-Rāzī, Fakr al-Dīn. Mafātiḥ Al-Ghayb. Bairut: Dār Iḥyā’ at-Turāṡ al-’Arābī, 1420.

Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad bin Jarīr. Jāmi’ Al-Bayān Fī Ta’wīl Al-Qur’an. Bayrūt: Muassasah al-Risālah, 2000.

Al-Wāḥidī, Alī bin Aḥmad. Asbāb Al-Nuzūl Al-Qur’ān. al-Dammām: Dār al-Iṣlāḥ, 1992.

As-Sandī, Muḥammad bin Abd al-Hādī. Kifāyah Al-Ḥājah Fī Syarḥ Sunan Ibn Mājah. Vol. 1. Bairut: Dār al-Jail, n.d.

as-Suyūṭī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Qūt Al-Mughtażī “alā Jāmi” Al-Tirmiżī. Vol. 2. Riyāḍ: al-Maktabah at-Taghāwanī, 1424.

Asy-Syaukānī, Muḥammad bin ’Alī. Fatḥ Al-Qadīr. Bairūt: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1414.

Az-Zuhaylī, Wahbah. Al-Tafsīr Al-Munīr Fī Al-’Aqīdah Wa Al-Sharī’ah Wa Al-Manhaj. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1418.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London: SAGE Publications, 1994.

Darwazah, Muḥammad Izzah. Al-Tafsīr Wa Al-Ḥadīṡ. Kairo: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Kutb al-’Arabīyah, 1383.

Darwīs, Muḥy al-Dīn bin Aḥmad Musṭafā. I’rāb Al-Qur’ān Wa Bayānuh. Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1415.

Fāris, Aḥmad bin. Mu’jam Maqāyīs Al-Lughah. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 1979.

Hidayat, Wildan. “Kritik Nalar Islam Indonesia: Tinjauan Problematis Relevansi Teks Dan Konteks (Diskursus Kritisisme Penafsiran Ayat Non-Muslim Dalam Al-Qur’an).” Al-Fath 12, no. 2 (November 5, 2018): 125. https://doi.org/10.32678/alfath.v12i2.3178.

Hishām, Abd al-Mālik bin. Al-Sīrah Al-Nabawiyah Li Ibn Hisyām. Vol. 1. Bairūt: Dār al-Jair, 1990.

Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. As-Sīrah an-Nabawiyah. Bairūt: Dār al-Kutb al-’Ilmīyah, 2004.

Ibn Manẓūr, Jamāl ad-Dīn. Lisān Al-’Arab. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1414.

Jabal, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Mu’jam Al-Isytiqāq. Kairo: Maktabah al-Adāb, n.d.

Jasmi, Kamarul Azmi. “Perbezaan Ahli Kitab Dengan Muslim: Surah Ali ‘Imran (3: 113-120).” In Program Budaya Al-Quran Mingguan. Malaka: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2021.

Kaṡīr, Ismā’īl bin ’Umar bin. Tafsīr Al-Qur’an Al-’Aẓīm. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutb al-’Ilmīyah, 1419.

Muflich, Moch Faizin, and Binti Nurhayati. “Internalisasi Nilai Moderat Dalam Membangun Kerukunan Masyarakat Lamongan.” Al-Mada: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 427–39. https://doi.org/10.31538/almada.v5i3.2698.

Nasir, Rabiah Muhammad, and Danil Putra Arisandy. “Sikap Toleransi Beragama Perspektif Surah Al-Kafirun Mahasiswa Di Kota Langsa.” Al-Muhafidz: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir 2, no. 1 (2022): 28–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.57163/almuhafidz.v2i1.31.

Perdana, Setio Qadrian. “Interaksi Sosial Keagamaan Antara Siswa Muslim Dan Siswa Katolik (Studi Kasus SD Slamet Riyadi Kebon Kangkung, Kota Bandung).” Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 149–61. https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v2i2.3104.

Podungge, Rulyjanto. “Hubungan Muslim Dan Non-Muslim Dalam Kerangka Inklusivisme.” TEOSOFI: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 509–33. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2018.8.2.479-503.

Riḍā, Muḥammad Rasyīd bin ’Ali. Al-Mannār. Vol. 2. Egypt: al-Hay’ah al-Miṣriyah al-’Ammah li al-Kitāb, 1990.

Samsudin, Sahiron. “Pendekatan Dan Analisis Dalam Penelitian Teks Tafsir: Sebuah Overview.” SUHUF 12, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 131–49. https://doi.org/10.22548/shf.v12i1.409.

Sulaimān, Muqātil bin. Tafsīr Muqātil Bin Sulaimān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāṡ, 1423.

Syamsuddin, Sahiron. “The Qur’an on The Exclusivist Religious Truth Claim: A Ma’nā-Cum-Maghzā Approach and Its Aplication to Q 2: 111-113.” In Transformative Readings of Sacred Scriptures: Christians and Muslims in Dialogue, edited by Simone Sinn, Dina El Omari, and Anne H. Grung. Geneva: The Lutheran World Federation, 2017.

Umah, Fina Nuriah Rohimatil. “Reinterpretasi Ayat Al-Qur’an Tentang Hubungan Muslim-Non Muslim (Aplikasi Pendekatan Ma’na-Cum-Maghza Terhadap QS. Ali Imran [3]: 118-120).” Mashahif: Journal of Qur’an and Hadits Studies 1, no. 1 (2021).