THE PROBLEM OF EVIL IN ISLAMIC AND CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY OF GOD: AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRIADIC STRUCTURE OF THE EVIL PROBLEM

Main Article Content

Hasna Safarina Rasyidah
Robby Habiba Abror
Munawar Ahmad

Abstract

This article analyzes the problem of evil in Islamic and Catholic philosophies of divinity using a comparative philosophical approach. The problem of evil poses a major challenge to the concept of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good God. In the Catholic tradition, theodicy is developed through the concepts of human freedom and the limitations of the created world, particularly in the thought of Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas. Meanwhile, in the Islamic tradition, the debate develops through discourses between Mu'tazilite rational theology, Ash'ariyah theology, and the thought of philosophers such as Al-Ghazali and Ibn Sina. This article shows that the two traditions offer different frameworks for theodicy: Catholicism emphasizes evil as a privation of good, while Islam views evil as part of divine wisdom and an existential test. This study argues that these differences reflect different metaphysical and epistemological structures in understanding the Triadic relationship: God, humanity, and nature. From this triadic perspective, wrongdoing arises because humans lack systemic awareness; consequently, they perceive their actions as carrying no risk or impact on nature and other people. This research proposes a central thesis—the theory of systemic awareness—positing that an action is moral if it preserves the integrity and continuity of the systems sustaining communal life, the relationship with nature, and the individual's relationship with God, whereas an immoral action undermines the integrity of those systems.

 


Keywords: Problem of evil, triadic Structure of Evil Problem, , privation of God, the theory of systemic awareness


 


Artikel ini menganalisis problem kejahatan dalam filsafat ketuhanan Islam dan Katolik dengan menggunakan pendekatan komparatif filosofis. Problem kejahatan menjadi tantangan utama bagi konsep Tuhan yang maha kuasa, maha tahu, dan maha baik. Dalam tradisi Katolik, teodisi dikembangkan melalui konsep kebebasan manusia dan keterbatasan dunia ciptaan, terutama dalam pemikiran Augustine of Hippo dan Thomas Aquinas. Sementara dalam tradisi Islam, perdebatan berkembang melalui diskursus antara teologi rasional Mu‘tazilah, teologi Asy‘ariyah, serta pemikiran filosof seperti Al-Ghazali dan Ibn Sina. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua tradisi menawarkan kerangka teodisi yang berbeda: Katolik menekankan kejahatan sebagai privation of good, sementara Islam melihat kejahatan sebagai bagian dari hikmah ilahi dan ujian eksistensial. Studi ini berargumen bahwa perbedaan tersebut mencerminkan struktur metafisik dan epistemologis yang berbeda dalam memahami relasi Triadik: Tuhan, manusia, dan alam.kajian dngan mengunakan 3 aspek, disebut triadic problem Struktur kejahatan. problem kejahatan bukan sekadar kontradiksi logis antara Tuhan dan penderitaan, tetapi merupakan hasil interaksi tiga dimensi ontologis utama: dimensi teologis, antropologis, dan kosmologis. Dengan demikian, problem kejahatan tidak hanya menyangkut keberadaan Tuhan, tetapi juga menyangkut struktur dunia dan kebebasan manusia. Model ini menyatakan bahwa problem kejahatan muncul dari interaksi tiga komponen utama: (1). Divine Attributes (Atribut Ilahi), (2). Human Freedom (Kebebasan Manusia), (3). Cosmic Structure (Struktur Dunia Ciptaan). Kejahatan dalam perspektif triadic ini terjadi karena manusia tidak memiliki kesadaran bersistem, sehingga ia merasa bahwa tindaknya tidak akan beresiko dan berdampak pada alam dan manusia. Riset ini menemukan tesis utama sebaagai teori kesadaran bersistem, yakni tindakan disebut bermoral apabila menjaga integritas dan keberlangsungan sistem yang menopang kehidupan bersama, kehidupan dengan alam, dan kehidupan pribadi dengan Tuhannya, sedangkan tindakan tidak bermoral merusak integritas sistem tersebut.


Kata Kuncis: Problem of evil, triadic Structure of Evil Problem, privation of God, Teori Kesadaran Bersistem

Article Details

Section

Articles

References

Abdalla, Bakinaz. “Evil and Responsibility in the Quran.” Religious Studies 61, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412523001026.

Abdelgalil, Reda. “Rethinking the Causes of Moral Decline from the Perspectives of the Bible and the Qur’ān.” Millah: Journal of Religious Studies 24, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol24.iss2.art3.

Akbas, Muhsin. “The Problem of Evil and the Theodicies in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Thought.” Doctoral thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.82227/repository.uwtsd.ac.uk.00001032.

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. Ihya’ ‘Ulumuddin. Jilid 3. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2005.

Ali, Zain. “The Problem of Evil, God’s Personhood, and the Reflective Muslim.” Religions 15, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15020225.

Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica (Vols. 1-2). New Scholasticism, 1948.

Augustine. The Confessions. Edited by Maria Boulding. Vol. XXX, 1895.

Augustine, S T. The City of God. Edited by Henry Bettenson. New York: Penguin Books, 1972.

Avicenna. The Metaphysics of The Healing : A Parallel English-Arabic Text. Trans. M.E. Marumura, Islamic Translation Series., 2005.

Awwaliyah, Neny Muthiatul, and Tabrani Tajuddin. “Fazlur Rahman’s Tafsir Thoughts About Satan And Evil.” Tanzil: Jurnal Studi Al-Quran 6, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20871/tjsq.v6i2.340.

Blau, Adrian. “Philosophical Analysis.” In Research Handbook on the History of Political Thought, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800373808.00009.

Chowdhury, Safaruk. Islamic Theology and the Problem of Evil. Islamic Theology and the Problem of Evil, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2ks6z03.

Chowdhury, Safaruk Zaman. “Explaining Evil In The Biosphere: Assessing Some Evolutionary Theodicies For Muslim Theists.” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12775.

Culp, John. “Introduction for the Topical Issue ‘Issues and Approaches in Contemporary Theological Thinking about Evil.’” Open Theology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2020-0139.

Fleming, Jesse. “Comparative Philosophy: Its Aims and Methods.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 30, no. 2 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6253.00118.

Foyle, Anastasia. “Christian Faith and the Problem of Evil.” Ars Disputandi 6, no. 1 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/15665399.2006.10819908.

Hick, John H. “The Problem of Evil.” In Philosophy of Religion, 3rd ed., CHAPTER FOUR, 1983.

Ismail, Roni et.al. (ed), Agama-Agama Dunia. 3rd Edition. Yogyakarta: Prodi Studi Agama-Agama, 2025.

Ismail, Roni (ed.). Agama-Agama Dunia. Yogyakarta: Jur Perbandingan Agama, 2012.

Jahangiri, Mona. “The Question of Theodicy in Islamic Philosophy—Suggesting a Solution: Badāʾ.” Religions 14, no. 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14081047.

Jonkers, Peter. “Religion as a Source of Evil.” International Journal of Philosophy and Theology 78, no. 4–5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/21692327.2017.1322915.

Kafarov, Telman Emiralievich. “Is Islam Theodicy Or Anti-Theodicy?” In Proceedings of the International Scientific Congress «Knowledge, Man and Civilization» (ISCKMC 2022), June 8–10, 2022, Complex Scientific Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia, Vol. 129, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.12.73.

Kant, Immanuel, and J M D Meiklejohn. “Critique of Pure Reason,” 1781, 1–7.

Kovalev, A.A. “Understanding the Phenomenon of Evil in Christianity and Islam: An Experience of Historical and Philosophical Comparison of the Concepts of Al-Farabi, Anselm and Thomas Aquinas.” Vestnik Povolzhskogo Instituta Upravleniya 21, no. 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.22394/1682-2358-2021-4-74-85.

Lactantius. De Opificio Dei and De Ira Dei. Italy (Ferrara or Rome?, 1444.

Leibniz, G W. “Essais de Théodicée,” 1710. http://www.pgdp.net.

Mackie, J. L. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64: 200-212. 64, no. 254. (1955): 200-212.

———. “Evil and Omnipotence.” In Journey into Philosophy: An Introduction with Classic and Contemporary Readings, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj7gm2.11.

Plantinga, Alvin. God, Freedom, and Evil. Essays in Philosophy, 1974.

Row, William. “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism.” In The Problem of Evil, edited by Adams and R. M. Adams (edd), 1990.

Rowe, William L. “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism.” In Philosophy of Religion: A Reader and Guide, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315234021-5.

Santoni, Ronald E., and John Hick. “Evil and the God of Love.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 28, no. 1 (1967). https://doi.org/10.2307/2105344.

Sartre, Jean Paul. “L ’ Existentialisme et Jean Paul Sartre.” Philosophical Library, 1946.