THE PROBLEM OF EVIL IN ISLAMIC AND CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY OF GOD: AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRIADIC STRUCTURE OF THE EVIL PROBLEM
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Abstract
Keywords: Problem of evil, triadic Structure of Evil Problem, , privation of God, the theory of systemic awareness
Artikel ini menganalisis problem kejahatan dalam filsafat ketuhanan Islam dan Katolik dengan menggunakan pendekatan komparatif filosofis. Problem kejahatan menjadi tantangan utama bagi konsep Tuhan yang maha kuasa, maha tahu, dan maha baik. Dalam tradisi Katolik, teodisi dikembangkan melalui konsep kebebasan manusia dan keterbatasan dunia ciptaan, terutama dalam pemikiran Augustine of Hippo dan Thomas Aquinas. Sementara dalam tradisi Islam, perdebatan berkembang melalui diskursus antara teologi rasional Mu‘tazilah, teologi Asy‘ariyah, serta pemikiran filosof seperti Al-Ghazali dan Ibn Sina. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua tradisi menawarkan kerangka teodisi yang berbeda: Katolik menekankan kejahatan sebagai privation of good, sementara Islam melihat kejahatan sebagai bagian dari hikmah ilahi dan ujian eksistensial. Studi ini berargumen bahwa perbedaan tersebut mencerminkan struktur metafisik dan epistemologis yang berbeda dalam memahami relasi Triadik: Tuhan, manusia, dan alam.kajian dngan mengunakan 3 aspek, disebut triadic problem Struktur kejahatan. problem kejahatan bukan sekadar kontradiksi logis antara Tuhan dan penderitaan, tetapi merupakan hasil interaksi tiga dimensi ontologis utama: dimensi teologis, antropologis, dan kosmologis. Dengan demikian, problem kejahatan tidak hanya menyangkut keberadaan Tuhan, tetapi juga menyangkut struktur dunia dan kebebasan manusia. Model ini menyatakan bahwa problem kejahatan muncul dari interaksi tiga komponen utama: (1). Divine Attributes (Atribut Ilahi), (2). Human Freedom (Kebebasan Manusia), (3). Cosmic Structure (Struktur Dunia Ciptaan). Kejahatan dalam perspektif triadic ini terjadi karena manusia tidak memiliki kesadaran bersistem, sehingga ia merasa bahwa tindaknya tidak akan beresiko dan berdampak pada alam dan manusia. Riset ini menemukan tesis utama sebaagai teori kesadaran bersistem, yakni tindakan disebut bermoral apabila menjaga integritas dan keberlangsungan sistem yang menopang kehidupan bersama, kehidupan dengan alam, dan kehidupan pribadi dengan Tuhannya, sedangkan tindakan tidak bermoral merusak integritas sistem tersebut.
Kata Kuncis: Problem of evil, triadic Structure of Evil Problem, privation of God, Teori Kesadaran Bersistem
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