Wahhabi–Ottoman Conflict and the Rise of Religious-Political Power in Arabia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/thaq.v25i1.4160Abstract
Abstract: This study examines the socio-religious background and political transformation of the Wahhabi movement in the Arabian Peninsula during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The objective of this research is to analyze how Wahhabism emerged in Najd as a response to religious fragmentation and how it evolved into a political force through its alliance with local rulers. This study argues that Wahhabism was not merely a puritan religious movement, but also a reformist project that redefined the relationship between religious authority and political power in the region. The findings show that the alliance between Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud in 1744 marked a crucial turning point, transforming religious reform into a structured political movement. This alliance enabled territorial expansion and the establishment of the First Saudi State, which challenged the legitimacy of the Ottoman Empire as the dominant Islamic authority. The conflict culminated in the Ottoman military expedition led by Muhammad Ali Pasha between 1811 and 1818, which led to the fall of Dir‘iyah. Despite its political defeat, Wahhabism persisted as a resilient ideological force. Its teachings continued to influence religious practices and political structures in Arabia, contributing to the emergence of the modern Saudi state. The study concludes that the Wahhabi–Ottoman conflict reflects a broader struggle over religious authority, political legitimacy, and Islamic reform in the modern era.
Keywords: Wahhabism; Ottoman Empire; Islamic reform; political power; Arabian Peninsula
Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji latar belakang sosial-keagamaan serta transformasi politik gerakan Wahhabi di Jazirah Arab pada abad ke-18 hingga awal abad ke-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemunculan Wahhabisme di wilayah Najd sebagai respons terhadap fragmentasi kehidupan keagamaan serta menjelaskan bagaimana gerakan tersebut berkembang menjadi kekuatan politik melalui aliansinya dengan penguasa lokal. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa Wahhabisme tidak hanya merupakan gerakan pemurnian ajaran Islam, tetapi juga sebuah proyek reformasi yang mendefinisikan kembali hubungan antara otoritas keagamaan dan kekuasaan politik di kawasan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan melalui tahapan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aliansi antara Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab dan Muhammad bin Saud pada tahun 1744 menjadi titik balik penting yang mengubah gerakan reformasi keagamaan menjadi gerakan politik yang terorganisasi. Aliansi tersebut memungkinkan ekspansi wilayah dan berdirinya Negara Saudi Pertama yang menantang legitimasi Kesultanan Utsmaniyah sebagai otoritas Islam yang dominan. Konflik mencapai puncaknya melalui ekspedisi militer Utsmaniyah yang dipimpin Muhammad Ali Pasha pada periode 1811–1818, yang berakhir dengan jatuhnya Dir'iyah. Meskipun mengalami kekalahan secara politik, Wahhabisme tetap bertahan sebagai kekuatan ideologis yang berpengaruh. Ajaran-ajarannya terus membentuk praktik keagamaan dan struktur politik di Jazirah Arab serta berkontribusi terhadap lahirnya negara Arab Saudi modern. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa konflik Wahhabi–Utsmaniyah mencerminkan pergulatan yang lebih luas mengenai otoritas keagamaan, legitimasi politik, dan reformasi Islam pada era modern.
Kata Kunci: Wahhabisme; Kesultanan Utsmaniyah; reformasi Islam; kekuasaan politik; Jazirah Arab
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