Local Welfare Governance and Capability Deprivation in Stunting Policy: A Case Study of the PMT program in Rural Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/welfare.2025.142-03Keywords:
Layanan Sosial, Kesejahteraan Sosial, anak usia diniAbstract
Stunting remains a persistent public health challenge in Indonesia despite the long-standing implementation of nutrition-based interventions. This study examines the Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (supplementary feeding) (PMT) not merely as a nutritional intervention but as a form of local welfare delivery that reflects the governance capacity of the state and its interaction with community actors. Drawing on the capability approach and welfare mix perspectives, this study explores how PMT is enacted in practice and why its impact on stunting reduction remains limited in a rural setting. Using a qualitative case study design in Desa Grajagan, Banyuwangi, data were collected through in-depth interviews with posyandu cadres and parents of toddlers, participant observation of posyandu activities, and document analysis, and analyzed using thematic coding within an interactive analytical framework. The findings reveal layered capability deprivations across micro, meso, and macro levels: low awareness, stigma, and inappropriate feeding practices constrain households’ conversion of resources into healthy functioning; uneven training, weak growth monitoring, and limited supervision undermine frontline capacity; and poor coordination, inadequate facilities, and minimal evaluation reduce PMT to an administrative routine. The study argues that PMT exemplifies a thin local welfare state, in which the state’s presence is largely formal while substantive welfare responsibilities are devolved to communities without adequate capacity building. Theoretically, this research reframes stunting as a manifestation of capability deprivation embedded in local welfare governance rather than solely a nutritional deficit, and calls for policy approaches that strengthen orchestration, agency, and institutional capacities to enable sustainable improvements in child well-being.
Keywords: Stunting, Supplementary Feeding Program, Local Welfare Governance, Capability Deprivation
Stunting masih menjadi persoalan kesehatan masyarakat yang persisten di Indonesia meskipun berbagai intervensi berbasis gizi telah lama diimplementasikan. Penelitian ini mengkaji Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT) tidak semata-mata sebagai intervensi gizi, melainkan sebagai bentuk penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan lokal yang merefleksikan kapasitas tata kelola negara serta interaksinya dengan aktor-aktor komunitas. Berangkat dari pendekatan kapabilitas dan perspektif welfare mix, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah bagaimana PMT dijalankan dalam praktik serta menjelaskan mengapa dampaknya terhadap penurunan stunting masih terbatas di wilayah perdesaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus kualitatif yang dilaksanakan di Desa Grajagan, Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan kader posyandu dan orang tua balita, observasi partisipatif terhadap aktivitas posyandu, serta analisis dokumen kebijakan dan pelaksanaan program. Data dianalisis menggunakan teknik pengodean tematik dalam kerangka analisis interaktif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya lapisan deprivasi kapabilitas pada tingkat mikro, meso, dan makro. Pada tingkat mikro, rendahnya kesadaran, stigma sosial, serta praktik pemberian makan yang tidak tepat membatasi kemampuan rumah tangga dalam mengonversi sumber daya menjadi keberfungsian kesehatan yang optimal. Pada tingkat meso, pelatihan yang tidak merata, lemahnya pemantauan pertumbuhan, dan minimnya supervisi melemahkan kapasitas pelaksana di tingkat garis depan. Sementara itu, pada tingkat makro, lemahnya koordinasi antar lembaga, keterbatasan sarana prasarana, serta evaluasi program yang minim menjadikan PMT cenderung tereduksi sebagai rutinitas administratif semata. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa PMT merepresentasikan bentuk thin local welfare state, di mana kehadiran negara bersifat formalistik, sementara tanggung jawab kesejahteraan substantif dialihkan kepada komunitas tanpa dukungan penguatan kapasitas yang memadai. Secara teoretis, studi ini merekonseptualisasikan stunting sebagai manifestasi deprivasi kapabilitas yang tertanam dalam tata kelola kesejahteraan lokal, bukan semata-mata sebagai persoalan kekurangan gizi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menekankan perlunya pendekatan kebijakan yang memperkuat fungsi orkestrasi negara, agensi aktor lokal, serta kapasitas institusional guna mendorong perbaikan kesejahteraan anak yang berkelanjutan.
Kata kunci: Stunting, Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan, Tata Kelola Kesejahteraan Lokal, Deprivasi Kapabilitas
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