Relaksasi dan Katarsis Singkat Daring bagi Peningkatan Kebersyukuran dan Penurunan Stres Pengasuhan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/jpsi.v10i1.2258Keywords:
Relaksasi Katarsis, Kebersyukuran, Intervensi Singkat Daring, Orangtua Siswa SD, Stres Pengasuhan.Abstract
Parenting stress risks causing traumatic events, even complex, in the child which further hinder their development. The psychological burdens that cause parenting stress can be released with gratitude and through relaxation and catharsis techniques. This study aims to examine the effect of online brief interventions of relaxation and catharsis on gratitude and parenting stress. The research was conducted with a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design and instruments of the Gratitude (α=0,765; D= 0,455-0,620) and the Parenting Stress Scale (α=0,800; D= 0,283-0,693). Participants were 7 parents of elementary school students obtained by convenience sampling (MAge=41,14; SDAge= 4,95; Female=85,71%). The results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test inferential statistical test showed no significant increase in gratitude as well as decrease in parenting stress. However, further data analysis found an outlier among participants. Reexamination by removing an outlier showed a significant effect of the intervention on reducing parenting stress.
Abstrak. Stres pengasuhan berisiko mengakibatkan peristiwa traumatik, bahkan kompleks, pada anak yang selanjutnya menghambat tumbuh kembangnya. Beban psikologis penyebab stres pengasuhan dapat dilepaskan dengan kebersyukuran dan melalui teknik relaksasi dan katarsis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh intervensi relaksasi dan katarsis singkat daring terhadap kebersyukuran dan stres pengasuhan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksperimen kuasi one-group pretest-posttest design serta instrumen Skala Kebersyukuran (α=0,765; D= 0,455-0,620) dan Skala Stres Pengasuhan (α=0,800; D= 0,283-0,693). Partisipan adalah 7 orangtua dari siswa sekolah dasar yang diperoleh secara convenience sampling (MUsia=41,14; SDUsia= 4,95; Perempuan=85,71%). Hasil pengujian statistik inferensial Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test menunjukkan tidak adanya peningkatan kebersyukuran dan penurunan stres pengasuhan secara signifikan. Meski demikian, analisis data lebih lanjut menemukan pencilan di antara partisipan. Pengujian ulang dengan menghilangkan data pencilan menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan intervensi terhadap penurunan stres pengasuhan.
Downloads
References
Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. Odessa, USA: Psychology Press.
Aji, W., Nashori, F., & Sulistyarini, I. (2013). Pengaruh pelatihan kebersyukuran terhadap penerimaan orangtua pada anak retardasi mental. Jurnal Psikologi Integratif, 1(1), 97-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jpsi.2013.%25x
Andayani, B. (2004). Tinjauan pendekatan ekologi tentang perilaku pengasuhan orangtua. Buletin Psikologi, 12(1), 44-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bpsi.7468
Bahar, R. N. A., & Moordiningsih. (2020). Meningkatkan kesejahteraan subjektif penderita penyakit jantung melalui pelatihan kebersyukuran. Jurnal Studia Insania, 8(2), 119-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/jsi.v8i2.388
Bakker, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2014a). Outlier removal, sum scores, and the inflation of the type I error rate in independent samples t tests: The power of alternatives and recommendations. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication, April. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000014
Bakker, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2014b). Outlier removal and the relation with reporting errors and quality of psychological research. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e103360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103360
Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The Parental Stress Scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 463–472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407595123009
Bibi, F., Chaudhry, A. G., Awan, E. A., & Tariq, B. (2013). Contribution of parenting style in life domain of children. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 12(2), 91-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1229195
Bresin, K., & Gordon, K. H. (2013). Aggression as affect regulation: Extending catharsis theory to evaluate aggression and experiential anger in the laboratory and daily life. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(4), 400–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.4.400
Briere, J., & Jordan, C. E. (2004). Violence against women: Outcome complexity and implications for assessment and treatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 1252–1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269682
Burke, K., & Moore, S. (2015). Development of the parental psychological flexibility questionnaire. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 46, 548–557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007s/s10578-014-0495-x
Carapito, E., Ribeiro, M. T., Pereira, A., & Roberto, M. (2018). Parenting stress and preschoolers’ socio-emotional adjustment: The mediating role of parenting styles in parent-child dyads. Journal of Family Studies, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 13229400.2018.1442737
Cook, A., Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (Eds.). (2003). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Diunduh dari: https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//complex_trauma_in_children_and_adolescents.pdf tanggal 20 Desember 2020.
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342–1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
Fatheya, F., & Hartono, S. S. B. (2018). Catharsis-based counseling and relaxation training as intervention for reducing the symptoms of undifferentiated somatoform disorder: A case study. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Intervention and Applied Psychology, Part of Series Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 135, 319-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iciap-17.2018.31
Feingold, A. (2009). Effect sizes for growth-modeling analysis for controlled clinical trials in the same metric as for classical analysis. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014699
Ford, J. D., Stockton, P., Kaltman, S., & Green, B. L. (2006). Disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) symptoms are associated with type and severity of interpersonal trauma exposure in a sample of healthy young women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1399–1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260506292992
Graves, A. (2016). An analysis of mind-mindedness, parenting stress and parenting style in families with multiple children. Thesis. Victoria: University of Victoria. Diunduh dari: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/7608/Graves_Abigail_MSc_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y tanggal 20 Desember 202.
Greeson, J. K., Briggs, E. C., Kisiel, C. L., Layne, C. M., Ake, G. S., Ko, S. J., … Fairbank, J.A. (2011). Complex trauma and mental health in children and adolescents placed in foster care: findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Child welfare, 90(6), 91-108. Diunduh dari: https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/complex-trauma-mental-health-children-adolescents/docview/1016368121/se-2?accountid=49069 tanggal 20 Desember 2020.
Hanes, M. J. (2000). Catharsis in art therapy : A case study of a sexually abused adolescent. American Journal of Art Therapy, 38(3), 70. Diunduh dari: https://search.proquest.com/openview/9509d21e52e67a90d6e011bf5b759b7b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40839 tanggal 20 Desember 2020.
Hardika, I. R., & Widiawati, D. (2020). Pengaruh terapi kelompok berbasis mindful parenting terhadap beban psikologis ibu yang memiliki anak dengan cerebral palsy. Jurnal Psikologi Sains dan Profesi (Journal Psychology of Science and Profession), 4(3), 210-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v4i3.26847
Hayes, S., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40, 976–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000012460836
Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305
Heron, J. (2001). Helping the client: A creative practical guide. Fifth edition. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2012). Developmental impacts of child abuse and neglect related to adult mental health, substance use, and physical health. Journal of Family Violence, 28(2), 191–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9474-9
Howell, K. H. (2011). Resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to family violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(6), 562–569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.001
Latvia, I. (2015). Hubungan antara gratitude (rasa syukur) dengan komitmen pernikahan pada pasangan dari odha di kota bandung. Skripsi. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung. Diunduh dari http://repository.upi.edu/16748/
Layous, K., Sweeny, K., Armenta, C., Na, S., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). The proximal experience of gratitude. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0179123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179123
Lee, Y., & Hyun, M. H. (2019). The Effects of neuroticism on postpartum depression: A dual mediating effect of gratitude and parenting stress. Stress, 27, 191-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.2.191
Lestari, D. D., & Maryatmi, A. S. (2018). The application of supportive therapy with emotional catharsis techniques and relaxation to improve psychological well being in patients undergoing hemodialysis at bhayangkara’s hospital. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(6), 1341-1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/ART20183251
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2007). Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x
Lopez, S. J., Pedrotti, J. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2015). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Manzoni, G., Pagnini, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2008). Relaxation training for anxiety: A ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-41
McCoach, D. B., Gable, R. K., & Madura, J.P. (2013). Instrumen development in the affective domain: School and corporate applications. London: Springer.
McCoy, K. P., George, M. R. W., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2013). Constructive and destructive marital conflict, parenting, and children’s school and social adjustment. Social Development, 22(4), 641–662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sode.12015
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249
Moyer, D., & Sandoz, E. (2015). The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between parent and adolescent distress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1406–1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9947-y
Palupi, G. R. P., Rahmanto, S. W., & Lestari, S. (2020). Art as a catharsis medium for people with bipolar disorder and synesthesia. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 5(2), 175-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v5i2.11229
Prioste, A., Tavares, P., Silva, C. S., & Magalhães, E. (2019). The relationship between family climate and identity development processes: The moderating role of developmental stages and outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1525–1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01600-8
Rachman, S. J., & Wilson, G. T. (1980). The effects of psychological therapy: International series in experimental experimental psychology. Second enlarged edition. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press Ltd.
Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 90, 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.026
Rozental, A., Kottorp, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016). Negative effects of psychological treatments: An exploratory factor analysis of the negative effects questionnaire for monitoring and reporting adverse and unwanted events. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0157503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157503
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, P., & Hiltunen, A. (2018). Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions. PloS One, 13, Article e0201155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201155
Santrock, J. W. (2014). Child development, fourteenth edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Seniati, L., Yulianto, A., & Setiadi, B. N. (2011). Psikologi eksperimen. Jakarta: Indeks.
Shea, S., & Coyne, L. (2011). Maternal dysphoric mood, stress, and parenting practices in mothers of head start preschoolers: The role of experiential avoidance. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 33, 231–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 07317107.2011.596004
Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014). P-curve: A key to the file-drawer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 534–547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033242
Solbakk, J. H. (2006). Scientific contribution catharsis and moral therapy I : A Platonic account. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 9, 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-005-8318-2
Sugaya, L., Hasin, D. S., Olfson, M., Lin, K.-H., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2012). Child physical abuse and adult mental health: A national study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 384–392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21719
Suleeman, E. (1999). Hubungan-hubungan dalam keluarga. Dalam T.O. Ihromi (Ed), Bunga rampai sosiologi keluarga. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Sultanoff, B. & Zalaquett, C. (2000). Relaxation therapies. Dalam D. Novey (Ed.), Clinician's Complete Reference to Complementary & Alternative Medicine (hlm. 114-129). New York: Mosby.
Taylor, S. E. (2015). Health Psychology, 9th edition. New York, NY: McGrawHill-Hill Education.
Vives, J. (2011). Catharsis : Psychoanalysis and the theatre. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 92(4), 1009-1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2011.00409.x
Wamser-Nanney, R., & Vandenberg, B. R. (2013). Empirical support for the definition of a complex trauma event in children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 671–678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21857
WHO. (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Diunduh dari: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/en/ tanggal 20 Desember 2020.
Wolberg, L. R. (1946). Hypnoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.png)
