INVESTIGATING HOW THE NATIONAL ONLINE MEDIA REPORTED THE LGBT COMMUNITY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Authors

  • Isni Hindriaty Hindarto Universitas Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14421/pjk.v15i2.2577

Keywords:

Online Media, Online Journalism, News Balance, LGBT, Covid-19 Pandemic

Abstract

At the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, intolerance against sexual minority groups (SMGs) were recorded in online media. SMGs were accused of spreading the coronavirus. This study aimed to determine the extent to which online media took sides in reporting LGBT issues during the first year of the pandemic. News balance analysis was performed using the “Westerstahl” Concept of objectivity for the coverage of Republika, CNN, and Kompas online.  The measurement of media balance was carried out by employing the content analysis method that is used forsame-topic news, which also measures the sources of bias, news tendencies, and source’s representation. Previous research suggested that Republika chose to highlight LGBT’s negative sides. The results of the present study negate this assumption. It was also found that there was no discrimination against SMGs as has often been claimed in the comments on social media. This result may not be surprising for Kompas or CNN. It can even be said that when the outbreaks began, no media coverage associated the pandemic with SMG discrimination. The imbalance was found not in the online news pages but in what the viewers who chose to offer comments concerning the imbalance in LGBT news on social media had to say. At the same time, reader hesitation about offering comments on online media forums is interesting and calls for further research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Isni Hindriaty Hindarto, Universitas Indonesia

    Departemen Pascasarjana  Komunikasi

    Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik

References

Adegbola, O. F. (2019). Points of View and Modality in the Discourses of Homosexuality in Selected Nigerian Newspapers. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(4 SE-Research Articles), 80–88. https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijllt/article/view/1255

Aini, N. (2020). Korsel Selidiki Penyebaran Virus Corona di Klub Malam. Republika.Co.Id. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qa0f36382/korsel-selidiki-penyebaran-virus-corona-di-klub-malam

Albæk, E. (2011). The interaction between experts and journalists in news journalism. Journalism, 12(3), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884910392851

Amindoni, A. (2020). Transgender: Perjuangan transpuan di masa pandemi virus corona - “Hidup seperti orang yang mati perlahan-lahan.” BBC News Indonesia.

Ayu, A., Yudah, P., & Indonesia, U. (2013). Representasi Transgender Dan Transeksual. Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia, 37–49.

Ayuni, Q., & Syam, H. M. (2019). Proses Gatekeeping Pemberitaan GBT Pada Harian Serambi Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah, 3(4).

Baider, F. (2018). “Go to hell fucking faggots, may you die!” framing the LGBT subject in online comments. 14(1), 69–92. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/lpp-2018-0004

Barthelemy, S., Bethell, M., Christiansen, T., Jarsvall, A., & Koinis, K. (2011). The future of print media. In the Capstone Report (Vol. 4).

Bleckmann, C., Leyendecker, B., & Busch, J. (2022). Sexual and Gender Minorities Facing the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Systematic Review of the Distinctive Psychosocial and Health-related Impact. Journal of Homosexuality, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2074335

Burris, S., de Guia, S., Gable, L., Levin, D. E., Parmet, W. E., & Terry, N. P. (2021). Covid-19 Policy Playbook: Legal Recommendation for a Safer, More Equitable Future: Vol. I (Issue March).

Christian Ningsih. (2020, April 7). Pemerintah perlu Antisipasi Jika Terjadi Panic Buying. Republika.Co.Id. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/q8dc2b459/pemerintah-perlu-antisipasi-jika-terjadi-panic-buying

CNN Indonesia. (2022). Tentang Kami. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/tentang-kami

Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 85, Issue 5, pp. 808–822). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.808

Darma, J. ., & Shenia, A. (2009). Buku Pintar Menguasai Internet. MediaKita.

Dea. (2020, May 12). 101 Pengunjung Kelab Malam Korsel Kena Corona, Ribuan Dites. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200512113950-113-502396/101-pengunjung-kelab-malam-korsel-kena-corona-ribuan-dites

Deuze, M. (2004). What is multimedia journalism? Journalism Studies, 5(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670042000211131

Dewan Pers. (2017). Buku Saku Wartawan (7th ed.). Dewan Pers. https://dewanpers.or.id/assets/ebook/buku/1905160429_2017-08_BUKU_Saku_Wartawan_Cetakan_ke-7.pdf

Dewan Pers. (2020). Media Online Perlu berbenah Diri. https://dewanpers.or.id/publikasi/opini_detail/173/Media_Online_Perlu_Berbenah_Diri

Díaz Noci, J. (2013). A history of journalism on the Internet: a state of the art and some methodological trends. RIHC. Revista Internacional de Historia de La Comunicación, 1(1), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.12795/rihc.2013.i01.12

Doyle, G. (2010). From Television to Multi-Platform: Less from More or More for Less? Convergence, 16(4), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856510375145

Eisenmann, M. (2012). Proposed Interim Standards for Metrics in Traditional Media Analysis. https://instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/Traditional-media-standards-6-12-12-v-2.pdf

Engel, S. M. (2013). Frame Spillover: Media Framing and Public Opinion of a Multifaceted LGBT Rights Agenda. Law & Social Inquiry, 38(2), 403–441. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01319.x

Eriyanto. (2011). Analisis Isi: Pengantar Metodologi untuk Penelitian Ilmu Komunikasi dan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Kencana.

Fatinova, D., Mubarok, Y., & Emha, R. J. (2019). Representasi LGBT dalam Perspektif Ideologi Khilafah: Kajian Transitivitas dalam Buletin Kaffah. Buletin Al-Turas, 25(2), 343–358. https://doi.org/10.15408/bat.v25i2.13161

Faturachman, R., Anggrayni, D., & Fahri, M. (2022). Sudut pandang media online kompas.com dalam pemberitaan lesbian, gay, biseksual, transgender di Indonesia. Komunika, 6(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.32832/komunika.v6i1.6982

Gibb, J. K., DuBois, L. Z., Williams, S., McKerracher, L., Juster, R.-P., & Fields, J. (2020). Sexual and gender minority health vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 health crisis. American Journal of Human Biology, 32(5), e23499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23499

Greenhalgh, H. (2020, March 10). Religious Figures Blame LGBT+ People for Coronavirus. Reuter. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lgbt-idUSKBN20W2HL

Hamna, D. M. (2017). Eksistensi Jurnalisme di Era media Sosial. Jurnalisa, 03(01), 106–120.

Haryanto, I. (2014). Kemunculan Diri Dan Peran Pemilik Industri Media Di Indonesia Dalam Kerangka Teori Strukturasi Anthony Giddens. Ultimacomm: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 6(2 SE-Articles). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31937/ultimacomm.v6i2.414

Hidayat, S. A. (2018). The Factor that influence media framing regarding LGBT rights (case study : CNN and Republika’s news coverage on the attempt to criminalize LGBT in Indonesia). Universitas Katolik Parahyangan.

Ihsanuddin. (2020). Ini Pengumuman Lengkap Jokowi Soal 2 WNI Positif Corona. Kompas. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/02/12002701/ini-pengumuman-lengkap-jokowi-soal-2-wni-positif-corona?page=all

Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x

Kantamneni, N. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized populations in the United States: A research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103439

Karunia, O. ., & Rusdi, F. (2017). Analisis Framing Pemberitaan LGBT di media Online (Kasus Prostitusi Gay tanggal 01 September di Republica.co.id). Koneksi, 1(1).

Kawamoto, K. (2003). Digital journalism : emerging media and the changing horizons of journalism (K. Kawamoto (ed.)). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Kementerian Agama Indonesia. (2017). Penjelasan Sikap Menag soal LGBT. https://kemenag.go.id/read/penjelasan-sikap-menag-soal-lgbt-poeyo

Kompas. (2022). Tentang Kami.

Kopper, G. G., Kolthoff, A., & Czepek, A. (2000). Research Review: Online Journalism - a report on current and continuing research and major questions in the international discussion. Journalism Studies, 1(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700050081803

Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2011). Blur: How to Know what’s true in the age of information overload. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2021). The Elements of Journalism, Revised and Updated. Crown Publishing Group.

Kwon, J., & Hollingsworth, J. (2020). Virus Outbreak linked to Seoul Clubs Popular with LGBT Community Stokes Homophobia. CNN World.

Lavaysse, L. M., Probst, T. M., & Arena Jr., D. F. (2018). Is More Always Merrier? Intersectionality as an Antecedent of Job Insecurity. In the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 15, Issue 11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112559

Lett, E., Dowshen, N. L., & Baker, K. E. (2020). Intersectionality and Health Inequities for Gender Minority Blacks in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(5), 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.013

McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1991). The Agenda-Setting Function Of Mass Media. In D. L. protess & M.E. McCombs (Eds), Agenda Setting: Readings on media, public opinion, and policymaking (pp.17-26). Lawrence Erlbaum associates, Inc.

McCombs, M., & Reynolds. A. (2009). How the News Shape Our Civic Agenda. In Media Effects (pp.17-32). Routledge.

McQuail, D. (2015). Media Performance. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communications, 1-9.

McQuail, D. (1994). Media Policy Research: Conditions for Progress. In Mass Communication Research: On Problems and Policies The Art of ASking the Right Questions In Honor of James D. Halloran (pp. 39–51).

McQuail, D. (2011). Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Mitchell, A., Rosenstiel, T., & Christian, L. (2012). Mobile Devices and News Consumption: Some Good Signs for Journalism.

Mubarak, D. . (2020). Analisis teks Media Sebuah pengantar Riset jurnalistik. IAIN Parepare Nusantara Press.

Njoroge, S. . (2020). The Mass media Framing of Homosexuality: A Content Analysis of Kenya, National Daily News Paper. University of Nairobi.

Novia, D. R. . (2016). LGBT Lebih Berbahaya Daripada Narkoba dan Terorisme. Republika.Co.Id.

Parker, R. . (2011). How to Interpret Literature: Critical Theory for Literary and Cultural Studies. Oxford University Press.

Prabowo, H. (2018). Analisis Framing Kasus LGBT Pada Media Online CNN Indonesia dan Hidayatullah.com. Universitas islam Indonesia.

Prastiwi, E. (2021). A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON LGBT ON REPUBLIKA ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES. ETHNO LINGUAL, 5(1 SE-Articles), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.20473/etno.v5i1.33943

Quandt, T., & Singer, J. B. (2009). Convergence and Cross-platform Content Production. In The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Taylor & Francis.

Rafi, M. . (2020). Perbedaan tingkat objektivitas pemberitaan isu LGBT di media Online Vice Indonesia dan Kompas.com pada periode Januari 2019-Februari 2020. Universitas Multimedia Nusantara.

Rahayu. (2006). Menyingkap Profesionalisme Kinerja Surat Kabar di Indonesia (1st ed.). Krayon Grafika.

Republika Online. (2022). Tentang Kami.

Rachmansyah, A. (2020). Posisi Kelompok LGBT dalam Bingkai media: Studi Wacana Kritis Michel Foucault Terhadap Pemberitaan LGBT pada Media Daring Kompas. Prosiding Seminar Linguistik Dan Sastra (SEMANTIKS).

Romli, A. . (2018). Jurnalistik Online: Panduan Mengelola Media Online. Penerbit Nuansa Cendekia.

Saiful Mujani Research & Consulting. (2018). Mayoritas Publik Menilai LGBT punya Hak Hidup di Indonesia. https://saifulmujani.com/mayoritas-publik-menilai-lgbt-punya-hak-hidup-di-indonesia/

Salaverria, R. (2019). Digital Journalism: 25 years of Research. El Profesional de La Información, 28(1).

Santana, S. (2003). Jurnalisme Investigasi. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Setiawan, A. (2020). Media Online Perlu Berbenah Diri.

Shoemaker, P. ., & Reese, S. . (2014). Mediating The Message in The 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. Routledge.

Simarmata, H. T., & Aji, C. (2017). Pemetaan terhadap Pemberitaan dan Media Komunitas terhadap LGBTI (1st ed.).

Soaloon, R., & Heidi, P. S. (2017). Resepsi Khalayak Terhadap Pemberitaan Kasus Antasari Azhar Dalam Portal Berita Online. Interaksi Online, 6(1). https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/interaksi-online/article/view/19019

Sobur, A. (2001). Analisis Teks Media: Suatu pengantar Untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Steensen, S. (2011). Online Journalism And The Promises Of New Technology. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.501151

Sumartiningtyas. (2020). Covid-19 di Indonesia, Ahli Sebut Deteksi Virus Corona Bisa Lebih Awal. Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/03/14/183200123/covid-19-di-indonesia-ahli-sebut-deteksi-virus-corona-bisa-lebih-awal?page=all

Syalaby, A. (2020, April 2). Rabi Yahudi Tuding Gay Penyebab Corona. Republika.Co.Id.

Syam, H. M., Anisah, N., Saleh, R., & Lingga, M. A. (2021). Ideology and media framing: Stigmatization of LGBT in media coverage in Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 37(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2021-3701-04

Ting, S.-H., Johnson, A., & Jerome, C. (2021). Backgrounding of LGBT in Newspaper Coverage in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 3(2). https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajbs/article/view/13452

Tuchman, G. (2000). Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen;s Notions of Objectivity (1st ed.). Routledge.

Utomo, A. . (2020, September 8). Salahkan Gay atas Wabah Virus Corona, Pemimpin Gereja Orthodox ini terinfeksi Covid-19. Kompas.Com.

Ward, M. (2002). Journalism online. Routledge.

Wayne, E. . (2006). The Social Studies Curriculum: Purposes, Problems, and Possibilities (4th ed.). SUNY Press.

Wilson, C., & Cariola, L. A. (2020). LGBTQI+ Youth and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research. Adolescent Research Review, 5(2), 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-019-00118-w

World Health Organizations. (2021). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard.

Wulster-Radcliffe, M. C., Hamernik, D. L., Reynolds, L., Lewis, G. S., & Zinn, S. (2015). Scientific publications: From the stone tablet to the electronic tablet. Animal Frontiers, 5(3), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2015-0033

Yudiyanto. (2016). Fenomena Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual, dan Transgender (LGBT) di Indonesia Serta Upaya Pencegahannya. NIZHAM, 05(01), 62–74.

Downloads

Published

2022-11-19

Issue

Section

Articles