FROM ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT POPULISM MOVEMENT TO POLITICAL PARTY: REVISITING UMMAT PARTY IN INDONESIA
https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v17i2.2698
License
Authors who publish with JSR agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
Abstract
The rise of populist movements in Indonesia's political culture and democracy is influenced by the pragmatic ideologies of Muslim figures and perspectives that represent the majority group in the country. The formation of the Ummat Party represents one of the manifestations of the populist movement. The objective of this research is to elucidate the evolution of anti-establishment populist movements that have manifested as the Ummat Party, which has been initiated by Islamic populist figures in Indonesia, specifically Amien Rais. This study was conducted using a qualitative research method. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and literature review. The findings revealed that Amien Rais employed anti-establishment populist narratives to create a movement of resistance, resulting in the establishment of the Ummat Party in Indonesia. By utilizing this narrative, the Ummat Party aims to challenge the socio-political status quo within Indonesia's democratic culture, advocating for change. Moreover, the Ummat Party exhibits a political agenda in utilizing the anti-establishment movement as a strategy to attain power and as a form of opposition against the current government in Indonesia.
Gerakan populisme dalam budaya politik dan demokrasi di Indonesia banyak dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran praktis tokoh dan pandangan Muslim yang menjadi kelompok mayoritas di Indonesia. Munculnya Partai Ummat adalah salah satu dari bentuk gerakan populisme tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan proses munculnya gerakan populisme anti-kemapanan yang bertransformasi menjadi Partai Ummat yang digagas oleh tokoh populis Islam di Indonesia, yakni Amien Rais. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan telaah pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Amien Rais menggunakan narasi populis anti kemapanan guna membentuk gerakan perlawanan dengan mendirikan Partai Ummat di Indonesia. Melalui narasi ini pula, Partai Ummat berupaya untuk mengubah struktur sosial politik dalam budaya demokrasi di Indonesia. Lebih lanjut, terdapat kepentingan politik Partai Ummat untuk mengambil isu gerakan anti kemapanan ini sebagai sarana mencapai kekuasaan dan sebagai bentuk resistensi terhadap pemerintah Indonesia saat ini.
Keywords:
Anti-Establishment, Political Party, Populism, Amien RaisReferences:
Abhipraya, F. A., Wicaksono, M. B. R., & Sulaiman, I. (2020). The critical perspective of new social movement: Democratic Volunteer of independent committee aware to election. The 1st Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Undergraduate Conference.
Ahmad, N. (2021). The Four Faces of Authoritarian Populism and Their Consequences on Journalistic Freedom: A Lesson Learnt From Indonesia’s 2019 Presidential Election. TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 10(2).
Akarca, A. (2021, June 1). Three types of populism: economic, political and cultural . Economic Research Forum. https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2021/05/31/three-types-populism-economic-political-cultural/
Al-Hamdi, R., Atmojo, Muhammad Eko, Suswanta, & Wijaya, S. R. (2020). Penelitian Kualitatif: Pegangan Mahasiswa Ilmu Pemerintahan. Samudera Biru.
Alam, B. (2021). Amien Rais Sebut Jokowi Gunakan Politik Pencitraan dan Pola Otoriter. Merdeka.Com.
Amalia, L. S. (2013). Evalusasi Sistem Kepartaian di Era Reformasi. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 10(2).
Barker, R. (2007). Democratic Legitimation: What Is It, Who Wants It, and Why? In Legitimacy in an Age of Global Politics. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Best, J. (2020). Frank Furedi, How Fear Works: Culture of Fear in the Twenty-First Century. International Sociology, 35(2), 205–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920906750
Bolleyer, N. (2013). New Parties in Old Party Systems: Persistence and Decline in Seventeen Democracies. Oxford University Press.
Boufakar, I. (2022). Begini Salah Satu Deklarator PAN Amien Rais Dirikan Partai Ummat: Bertarung di Pemilu 2024. Tempo.Co.
Bozonelos, D., Wendt, J., Lee, C., Scarffe, J., Omae, M., Franco, J., Martin, B., & Veldhuis, S. (2022). Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics. The LibreTexts libraries.
Campani, G., Fabelo Concepción, S., Rodriguez Soler, A., & Sánchez Savín, C. (2022). The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse. Societies, 12(6), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12060154
Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184
Chandra, B. (2014). Misteri Amien Rais yang Absen di Pelantikan Jokowi. Tempo.Co.
CNN Indonesia. (2019). People Power Amien Rais, Gertakan dari Orang “Tak Terpakai.” Cnnindonesia.Com.
CNN Indonesia. (2021). Amien Rais Ungkap Skenario Jokowi Bakal Terpilih 3 Periode. Cnnindonesia.Com.
Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. In Research design.
DetikNews. (2022a, December 17). Perlawanan Partai Ummat Usai Tak Lolos Jadi Peserta Pemilu 2024. DetikNews. https://news.detik.com/pemilu/d-6466256/perlawanan-partai-ummat-usai-tak-lolos-jadi-peserta-pemilu-2024?single=1
DetikNews. (2022b, December 30). Partai Ummat Lolos, Ini Daftar Lengkap Peserta Pemilu 2024. DetikNews. https://news.detik.com/pemilu/d-6489871/partai-ummat-lolos-ini-daftar-lengkap-peserta-pemilu-2024
Farisa, F. C. (2022). Profil Partai Ummat, Pendatang Baru Besutan Amien Rais. Kompas.Com.
Funke, M., Schularick, M., & Trebesch, C. (2020). Populist leaders and the economy. CEPR Discussion Paper.
Furedi, F. (2007). Culture of Fear. In J.M. Meulenhoff (1st ed.). J.M. Meulenhoff.
Gamson, W. A., & Tarrow, S. (1999). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Contemporary Sociology. https://doi.org/10.2307/2654187
Hadiz, V. R., & Robison, R. (2017). Competing populisms in post-authoritarian Indonesia. International Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117697475
Hajdu, A., & Mamonova, N. (2020). Prospects of Agrarian Populism and Food Sovereignty Movement in Post‐Socialist Romania. Sociologia Ruralis, 60(4), 880–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12301
Hakim, R. N. (2021). Reformasi 1998 dan Petualangan Politik Amien Rais, dari Mendirikan PAN hingga Partai Ummat. Kompas.Com.
Huberman, M. &. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new method. Sage.
Hug, S. (2001). Altering Party Systems: Strategic Behavior and the Emergence of New Political Parties in Western Democracies. Michigan Publishing.
Inwegen, P. Van. (2018). Non-Violence in Ireland’s Independence. The Routledge History of World Peace Since 1750, 1.
Jakarta Globe. (2019). Amien Rais Threatens “People Power” at Slightest Hint of Voter Fraud. Jakartaglobe.Id.
Katz, R. S., & Crotty, W. J. (2006). Handbook of Party Politics. SAGE Publications.
Komara, I. (2019). Amien Rais: Ada 3 Ciri Otoriterisme dari Jokowi, Basmi Oposisi-Kuasai Media-Korupsi. Detiiknews.Com.
Koopmans, R. (1999). Political. Opportunity. Structure. Some Splitting to Balance the Lumping. 93–103.
Kyle, J. (2018). Populists in Power Around the World.
Lesmana, A. S. (2020). Amien Rais Luncurkan Buku Jokowi Mundur atau Terus: Saya Tidak Mengada-ada. Suara.Com.
Löfflmann, G. (2022). ‘Enemies of the people’: Donald Trump and the security imaginary of America First. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 24(3), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481211048499
Mantalean, V. (2022, December 12). Tak Lolos Verifikasi KPU, Partai Ummat Sampaikan Formulir Keberatan dan Akan Gugat ke Bawaslu. Kompas.Com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/12/14/18583641/tak-lolos-verifikasi-kpu-partai-ummat-sampaikan-formulir-keberatan-dan-akan
Martono, N. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif: Analisis Isi dan Analisis Data Sekunder. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Meyer, D. S. (1997). Coalitions & Political Movements: The Lessons of the Nuclear Freeze. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Meyers, R. (2007). From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics (Latin American Politics & Society (ed.)). University of Miami.
Mölder, H. (2011). The Culture of Fear in International Politics-a Western-dominated International System and Its Extremist Challenges. KVÜÕA Toimetised, 14, 241–263.
Mudde, C. (2017). Populism: An Ideational Approach. In The Oxford Handbook of Populism.
Müller, J.-W. (2016). What Is Populism? University of Pennsylvania Press.
Nadlir, M. (2018). Kritik Amien Rais untuk Jokowi, dari Kondisi Ekonomi hingga Demokrasi. Kompas.Com.
Nicholas, R. W. (1973). Social and Political Movements. In Annual Review of Anthropology (pp. 63–84). Annual Reviews.
Novelino, A. (2022). Kritik Amien Rais Minta Jokowi Selesai 2024. Cnnindonesia.Com.
Porta, D. della, Fernández, J., Kouki, H., & Mosca, L. (2017). Movement Parties Against Austerity. Cambridge University Press.
Porta, D. Della, & Mario, D. (2020). Social Movement: An Introduction (3rd edition). Willey.
Rahmawati, D., Riyanto, G., Mulyana, D., Viendyasari, M., & Anindhita, W. (2023). Architecture of Populism : Online Media and the Rise of Popular Common Politicians in Indonesian Political Landscape. Proceedings, 1–8.
Rakhmani, I., & Saraswati, M. S. (2021). Authoritarian Populism in Indonesia: The Role of the Political Campaign Industry in Engineering Consent and Coercion. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(3), 436–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034211027885
Rochon, T. R. (2011). Political Movements and State Authority in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press.
Romli, L. (2011). Reformasi Partai Politik dan Sistem Kepartaian di Indonesia. Politica, 2(2), 199–220.
Sahab, A. (2017). Realitas Citra Politik Tri Rismaharini. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan Dan Politik. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.V30I12017.20-33
Salim, & Syahrum. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Haidir (ed.)). Citapustaka Media.
Saputra, I. (2020). Amien Rais: Kelemahan Kabinet Jokowi Banyak Menteri Kurang Paham Kehidupan Rakyat. Kompas.Tv.
Sari, H. P. (2020). Amien Rais: Saya Sudah Tidak di PAN, Dikeluarkan karena Beda Prinsip. Kompas.Com.
Savirani, A., Tornquist, O., & Stoke, K. (2014). Demokrasi di Indonesia: Antara Patronase dan Populisme. Ringkasan Eksekutif Project Power, Welfare, and Democracy, Universitas Gadjah Mada & Oslo University.
Soeng, S. (2010). Populist Politics in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 88, 2009–2010.
Suhawi, A. (2018). Pseudo Partai Politik; Studi Perbandingan PKS, Golkar dan PDIP. Rajawali Pers.
Taggart, P. (2000). Populism: Concepts in the Social Sciences. Open University Press.
Uneputty, L. (2021). Amien Rais: Kekuatan Islamophobia Rezim Jokowi Meletakkan Umat Islam Sebagai Musuh Politik. Suarabekaci.Id.
Valcore, J., Asquith, N. L., & Rodgers, J. (2023). “We’re led by stupid people”: Exploring Trump’s use of denigrating and deprecating speech to promote hatred and violence. Crime, Law and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-023-10085-y
Widian, R., Satya, P. A. N. I. P., & Yazid, S. (2022). Religion in Indonesia’s Elections: An Implementation of a Populist Strategy? Politics and Religion, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048321000195
Wihartono, Y. (2018). Reconfiguring Post-Ahok Populism, Post-Truth, and Cyberspace in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Social and Political Affairs (ICoCSPA 2018),.
Wiwoho, B. (2018). Bawaslu Kaji Tausyiah Politik Amien Rais di Masjid. Cnnindonesia.Com.
Yabanci, B. (2015). Populism and Anti-Establishment Politics in Kosovo: A Case Study of Lëvizja Vetëvendosje. 3(2), 17–43.
Zheng, J. (2022). I’m Not a Virus: Asian Hate in Donald Trump’s Rhetoric. ISU ReD: Research and EData.
Zúquete, J. P. (2015). Free the People: The Search for True Democracy. Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, January, 416–434. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226446-33.