The Teachers Perceptions on Misogynistic Hadiths: The Interpretations and It's Implications for Teaching Gender Equality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2023.222.132-148Keywords:
Indonesian Teachers, Inequality, Women's Status, Gender RolesAbstract
Peran perempuan dan laki-laki yang tidak setara dan tidak seimbang telah menjadi subyek perdebatan sengit dalam masyarakat Muslim. Secara umum persepsi terhadap budaya dan agama telah berlangsung lama bahwa peran laki-laki harus mendominasi peran perempuan, dan subordinasi perempuan adalah nasib yang tidak dapat diubah. Penelitian ini mengkaji pemahaman guru-guru Muslim Indonesia terhadap konseptualisasi teks-teks Islam terutama hadis (perkataan Nabi Muhammad), mengenai aspek yang menggambarkan dan menentukan peran gender. Penelitian kualitatif ini adalah untuk mengungkap persepsi lima guru laki-laki dan lima perempuan, yang bekerja di Sekolah Menengah Islam di Yogyakarta, terkait dengan pemahaman mereka tentang status perempuan dalam masyarakat Islam. Data dikumpulkan melalui diskusi kelompok (FGD) yang melibatkan laik-laki dan perempuan dan dilakukan secara online melalui Zoom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa para guru mengakui bahwa sikap individu dan institusional berusaha untuk membatasi partisipasi perempuan dalam masyarakat Muslim, dan sebagian besar Muslim yakin bahwa sikap tersebut berasal dari teks-teks Islam (terutama hadis) yang telah diterjemahkan secara historis dan atau harfiah. Pandangan mereka bervariasi terkait dengan tiga konsep Islam yang dianalisis karena berpengaruh bagi status sosial dan pekerjaan perempuan, yaitu kodrat (sifatmanusia), qiwama (kedudukan sosial dan kepemimpinan), dan laknat (penilaian atau murka oleh para malaikat). Pada dasarnya, tidak semua guru dalam penelitian ini memiliki kesempatan untuk mengajar subjek yurisprudensi Islam (fiqh), di mana topik pernikahan secara khusus dibahas. Namun, mereka semua menyadari kebutuhan yang sedang berlangsung di kelas dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi praktis dari pendekatan pedagogis di sekolah-sekolah Islam untuk pendidikan tentang kesetaraan gender.
[Unequal and unbalanced roles of women and men have become the subject of intense debate in Muslim society. Common cultural and religious perceptions have long been that men’s roles should dominate over women’s roles and that women’s subordination is an unalterable fate. This study examines conceptualization by Indonesian Muslim teachers regarding Islamic texts, primarily of the hadith (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), that describe and prescribe aspects of gender roles. This qualitative study was designed to explore perceptions of five male and five female teachers, employed in Islamic Secondary Schools in Yogyakarta, as related to their understanding of women’s status in Islamic society. The data were gathered through mixed-gender focus group discussions conducted online via Zoom. Findings show that the subjects clearly acknowledge that individual and institutional attitudes persist for circumscribing women’s participation within Muslim society, and that most Muslims derive these attitudes from Islamic texts (mainly the hadith) that have been translated in historical and/or literal ways. The teachers varied in their views about three Islamic concepts which were analyzed as influential for the societal and occupational status of women, namely kodrat (human nature), qiwama (societal standing and leadership), and laknat (judgment by, or wrath of, the angels). Basically, not all of the teachers in this study had occasion to teach the subject of Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh), in which the marriage topic is specifically covered, yet they were all aware of an ongoing need in classroom and society. This study has practical implications of the pedagogical approaches in Islamic schools for education on gender equality.]
Downloads
References
Abou El Fadl, K. M. Speaking in God’s Name: Islamic Law, Authority, and Women. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001.
Affiah, Neng Dara. Potret Perempuan Muslim Progresif Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor, 2017.
Afrianty, Dina. Women and Sharia Law in Northern Indonesia: Local Women’s NGOs and the Reform of Islamic Law in Aceh. London: Routledge, 2015.
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Qur’an. England: Wordsworth Classics, 2007.
Anwar, Etin. A Genealogy of Islamic Feminism: Pattern and Change in Indonesia. London: Routledge, 2018.
Arifin, Tajul. “Gender Equity in Hadith Literature: An Analysis of the Contemporary Hadith Curriculum of Madrasah Aliyah in Indonesia.” Journal of Islamic Studies 10, no. 2 (2018): 40-51. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JOIS/article/view/233528
Aziz, Erwati, Irwan Abdullah, &Zaenuddin H. Prasojo. “Why Are Women Subordinated? The Misrepresentation of the Qur’an in Indonesian Discourse and Practice.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 21, no. 6 (2020): 238-251.
Blackburn, Susan. Women and the State in Modern Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492198
Brenner, Suzanne. “Private Moralities in the Public Sphere: Democratization, Islam, and Gender in Indonesia.” American Anthropologist 113, no. 3 (2011): 478-490.
Ch, Mufidah. “Strategi Implementasi Pengarusutamaan Gender Bidang Pendidikan Islam.” Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 11, no. 2 (2011): 391-414.F
Dewi, KurniawatiHastuti, “Impact of Islamization and Democratization in Expanding Indonesian Women’s Roles in Politics,” In Indonesian Women and Local Politics (pp. 28-49) (Singapore: NUS Press, 2015). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nth4c.10
Dzuhayatin, Siti Ruhaini & Jan Edwards. “Hitting Our Heads on the Glass Ceiling: Women and Leadership in Education in Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 17, no. 2 (2010): 199-232. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v17i2.460
Fathiyaturrahmah, Fathiyaturrahmah. “Studi Historis Dinamika Keterlibatan Perempuan dalam Transmisi al-Qur’an Abad I-X H.” Unpublished Dissertation. UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 2020.
Fuad, A. F. N. “Da’wa and Politics: Lived Experiences of the Female Islamists in Indonesia.” Contemporary Islam 14, no. 1 (2020): 19-47.
Hefner, Claire-Marie. “Models of Achievement: Muslim Girls and Religious Authority in a Modernist Islamic Boarding School in Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 40, no. 4 (2016): 564-582.
Hoel, Nina & Sa’diyya Shaikh. “Sex as ‘Ibadah’: Religion, Gender, and Subjectivity among South African Muslim Women.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 29, no. 1 (2013): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.1.69
Ilyas, Hamim., Mohamad Sodik & Inayah Rohmaniyah. Perempuan Tertindas? Kajian Hadis-Hadis Misoginis. Yogyakarta: elSAQ Press & PSW UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2003.
Islam, Kazi Md Mkitul& M. Niaz Asadullah. “Gender Stereotypes and Education: A Multi- Country Content Analysis Study of Secondary School Textbooks.” Thinking Gender Papers, 1-28. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/38r9r094
Kodir, Faqihuddin Abdul. Qira’ahMubadalah: Tafsir Progresif untuk Keadilan Gender dalam Islam. Yogyakarta: Ircisod, 2019.
Kull, Ann. “At the Forefront of a Post-Patriarchal Islamic Education: Female Teachers in Indonesia.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 11, no. 1 (2009): 25-39.
Leedy, Paul D., Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, & Laura Ruth Johnson. Practical Research: Planning and Design. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2019.
Marhumah, Marhumah. “Gender Dalam Lingkungan Sosial Pesantren: Studi Tentang Peran Kyai dan Nyai Dalam Sosialisasi Gender di Pesantren Al-Munawwir Krapyak Yogyakarta.” Research Report, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2019.
Marhumah, Marhumah. “The Roots of Gender Bias: Misogynist Hadiths in Pesantrens.” International Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 5, no. 2 (2015): 283-304. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v5i2.283-304
Masoud, Tarel, Amaney Jamal, & Elizabeth Nugent. “Using the Qur’an to Empower Arab Women? Theory and Experimental Evidence from Egypt.” Comparative Political Studies 49, no. 12 (2016): 1556-1598.
Masruhan, Masruhan. “The Unprecedented Contextual Interpretation of the Misogynic Hadith at the Reformist Persis Pesantren in Bangil.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 13, no. 2 (2019): 480-504.
Matswah, A. “Pendidikan Gender DalamKeluarga: Telaah Terhadap Hadis-Hadis Tentang Relasi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan Dalam Keluarga.” Al-Adabiya: Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Keagamaan 9, no. 1 (2014): 82-101.
Mernissi, Fatima. Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry. Hoboken, NJ: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
Mir-Hosseini, Zeba. “Justice, Equality and Muslim Family Laws.” In Ziba Mir Hosseini, Christian Moe, & Kari Vogt (Eds.), Gender and Equality in Muslim Family Law: Justice and Ethics in the Islamic Legal Tradition (pp. 37-56). New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2013.
Mishler, Elliot George. Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative. New Heaven, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Muhammad, H. Islam Agama Ramah Perempuan: PembelaanKiaiPesantren. Yogyakarta: LkiS, 2005.
Mulia, Siti Musda. Islam dan InspirasiKesetaraan Gender. Jakarta: Kibar Press, 2009.
Nasution, Abdul GaniJamora. “Bias Gender DalamBuku Pelajaran SKI Tingkat Madrasah Ibtidaiyah.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 1, no. 2, (2018): 248-276.
Nisa, Eva F. “Embodied Faith: Agency and Obedience among Face-Veiled University Students in Indonesia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 13, no. 4 (2012): 366-381.
Nurmila, Nina. “The Influence of Global Muslim Feminism on Indonesian Muslim Feminist Discourse.” Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 49, no. 1 (2011): 33-64.
Nurmila, Nina. “Indonesian Muslim Discourse of Husband-Wife Relationships.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 51, no. 1 (2013): 61-79.
Padgett, Deborah K. Qualitative Methods in Social Work Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008.
Pemerintah, R.I. Perubahan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan, 2019.
Platt, Maria, Sharyn Graham Davies, & Linda Rae Bennett. “Contestations of Gender, Sexuality, and Morality in Contemporary Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 42, no. 1 (2018): 1-15.
Prawiro, Atmo. Fikih Madrasah Aliyah Kelas XI. Jakarta: Kemenag, 2020.
Qibtiyah, Alimatul. “Intervensi Malaikat Dalam Hubungan Seksual.” In H. Ilyas, M. Sodik, and I. Rohmaniyah (Eds.), Perempuan Tertindas? Kajian Hadis-Hadis Misoginis (pp. 209-227). Yogyakarta: eLSAQ dan PSW UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2005.
Qibtiyah, Alimatul. “Mapping of Muslims’ Understandings on Gender Issues in Islam at Six Universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 56, no. 2 (2018): 305-340.
Qibtiyah, Alimatul. “Feminisme Muslim di Indonesia.” Suara Muhammadiyah-March Edition, 2019.
Rinaldo, Rachel. Mobilizing Piety: Islam and Feminism in Indonesia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Riswani, Riswani, Rita Susanti, NurhasanahBakhtiar, Masud Zein, EniwatiKhaidir, & Musa Taher. “Achievement of Gender Mainstreaming in Islamic Schooling Based on the National Education Standard in Indonesia.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 20, no. 9 (2019): 29-42.
Robinson, Kathryn. “Islamic Influences in Indonesian Feminism.” Social Analysis: International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice 50, no. 1 (2006): 171-177. https://www.jastor/stable/23181949
Robinson, Kathryn. Gender, Islam, and Democracy in Indonesia. London: Routledge, 2009.
Setiawati, Ririn, Marhumah Marhumah, &Zulkipli Lessy. “Economic Violence Against Women.” PALASTREN: JurnalStudi Gender 15, no. 2 (2022): 305-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/palastren.v15i2.14930
Smith-Hefner, Nancy J. “The New Muslim Romance: Changing Patterns of Courtship and Marriage among Educated Javanese Youth.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (2005): 441-459.
Srimulyani, Eka. “Muslim Women and Education in Indonesia: The PondokPesantren Experience.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 27, no. 1 (2007): 85-99.
Suryadilaga, Muhammad Alfatih, M. Yusuf, & A. Rofiq. “Gender Mainstreaming Dalam Kurikulum Mata Kuliah Agama Islam di PTN dan PTS di Yogyakarta.” Musãwa Jurna lStudi Gender dan Islam 6, no. 1 (2008): 117-136.
Utomo, Ariane Juliana. “Gender in the Midst of Reforms: Attitudes to Work and Family Roles among University Students in Urban Indonesia.” Marriage & Family Review 52, no. 5 (2016): 421-441.
Van Doorn-Harder, Piternella. Women Shaping Islam: Reading the Qur’an inIndonesia. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2006.
Van Doorn‐Harder, Piternella. “Controlling the Body: Muslim Feminists Debating Women’s Rights in Indonesia.” Religion Compass 2, no. 6 (2008): 1021-1043.
Van Manen, Max. Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action - Sensitive Pedagogy. New York, NY: SUNY Press, 2003.
Wieinga, Saskia E. “Women Resisting Creeping Islamic Fundamentalism in Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 15, no. 4 (2009): 30-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 12259276.2009. 11666072.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Marhumah Marhumah, Zulkipli Lessy, Afifur Rochman Sya'rani, Siti Nur Hidayah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).