A Literature Review on Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Extraction Methods: Maximizing Phenolic and Flavonoid Yields from Moringa oleifera L. Leaves
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/chemsuka.6212Keywords:
Moringa oleifera L., Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Extraction methods, Phenolic compounds, FlavonoidsAbstract
Moringa oleifera L., commonly known as moringa, is a plant rich in secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which act as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional and non-conventional extraction methods in obtaining the bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera leaves through a literature review approach. The study employed a descriptive qualitative method by analyzing 20 research articles published between 2016 and 2026. The results showed that Moringa oleifera leaves consistently contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds, although the profiles of other phytochemical constituents vary depending on the geographical origin of the plant, environmental conditions, and the extraction method used. In terms of extraction efficiency, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) demonstrated higher efficiency than conventional methods, producing an extraction yield of up to 35.89% within 30 minutes. The use of 96% ethanol as the extraction solvent resulted in the highest Total Phenolic Content (TPC), reaching 3783.58 mg GAE/g. In addition, an extraction temperature of 50°C was found to be the optimum condition for maintaining flavonoid stability, whereas temperatures above 70°C may lead to the degradation of bioactive compounds. Based on the findings, the combination of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE), 96% ethanol as the extraction solvent, and an extraction temperature of 50°C represents the most effective condition for producing Moringa oleifera leaf extract with an optimal content of bioactive compounds.
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