Jurnalisme Warga: Liyan, Timpang dan Diskriminatif
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/pjk.v12i1.1498Keywords:
citizen journalism, cultural studies, diversity of information, democracy, distinctionAbstract
Abstrak. Keterlibatan warga dalam menyampaikan informasi yang luput dilakukan oleh jurnalis profesional masih bisa kita lihat hingga kini. Terutama pada peristiwa-peristiwa bencana alam seperti gempa dan tsunami yang melanda Palu dan Donggala pada akhir September 2018. Hal ini menunjukkan praktik jurnalisme warga masih mungkin dijalankan. Hanya saja, di ranah akedemis, riset jurnalisme warga di Indonesia tidak terlalu variatif dan terkesan berjalan di tempat, didominasi pembicaraan sejauh mana peran dan efektivitasnya berdasarkan model-model tertentu. Situasi ini sebaiknya diatasi. Salah satunya dengan menghadirkan cara berpikir cultural studies dalam mengkaji isu-isu jurnalisme warga. Cultural studies atau kajian budaya adalah kajian kritis yang mampu membantu periset menyelami beragam hal, yakni representasi, regulasi, identitas, konsumsi, dan produksi di mana masing-masing bisa saling terkait satu sama lain. Masalah lain yang saya temukan adalah pemahaman jurnalisme warga, yang selama ini berkembang perlu dikritisi karena tidak kontekstual dan cenderung asal klaim. Saya beranggapan jurnalisme warga adalah praktik yang timpang, eksklusif, elitis, dan diskriminatif. Keberadaaannya menjadi liyan bagi jurnalisme dominan. Artikel ini juga merupakan autokritik atas pemahaman saya soal jurnalisme warga dalam riset saya sebelumnya. Kata kunci: Jurnalisme Warga, Kajian Budaya, Keberagaman Informasi, Demokrasi, DistingsiAbstract. Public participation in sharing information that was missed by professional journalists can still be seen today. Especially in natural disaster events such as the earthquake and tsunami that hit Palu and Donggala at the end of September 2018. This shows that the practice of citizen journalism is still possible. It is just, citizen journalism research in Indonesia is not varied, dominated by research on the extent of its role and whether its management is effective based on certain models. This situation must be changed. Cultural studies can be an alternative way of thinking. Cultural studies are critical studies that can help researchers explore a variety of things, namely representation, regulation, identity, consumption, and production where each can be interrelated. Another problem that I found was the understanding of citizen journalism that had developed so far needs to be criticized because it is not contextual and tends to be inappropriate. I think citizen journalism is an unequal, exclusive, elitist and discriminatory. Its existence becomes liyan for dominant journalism.This article is also an autocritic for the citizen journalism research I did before.
Keywords: Citizen Journalism, Cultural Studies, Diversity of Information, Democracy, Distinction
Downloads
References
Buku:
Barker, Chris. (2015). Cultural Studies: Teori dan Praktik, Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1977). Outline of Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1984). Distinction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Bowman, S. dan Willis, C. (2003). We Media: How Audiences Are Ahaping The Future of News and Information. The Media Center at The American Press Institute
Hall, Stuart. (2013). Introduction. Dalam Hall, S., Evans, J., dan Nixon, S. (Ed.). Representation. London: The Open University and Sage Publications
Hall, Stuart. (1972). Culture, Media, and the Ideological Effect. Dalam Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A., dan Wills, P. (Ed.). Culture, Media, Languange: Working Papers in Cultural Studies 1972-79. London: Hutchinson in association with the CCCS
Herman, Edward S., & Chomsky, Noam. (1988). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books
Ida, Rachmah. (2014). Metode Penelitian Studi Media dan Kajian Budaya. Jakarta: Kencana
McChesney, Robert W. (1998). Konglomerasi Media Massa dan Ancaman Terhadap Demokrasi. Jakarta: AJI Jakarta
Saukko, P. (2003). Doing Research in Cultural Studies: An Introduction to Classical and New Methodological Approach. London: Sage Publication
Tesis:
Anindita, Mirza Ayu. (2014). Peran Citizen Journalism dalam Menyajikan Informasi Kepentingan Publik Melalui Media Massa (Studi Kasus Net Citizen Journalist. (Tugas Akhir S1). Fisip Universitas Indonesia
Wedhaswary, Inggried Dwi. (2009). Perkembangan Jurnalisme Warga di Indonesia (Studi Kasus pada Metro TV, Radio Elshinta, www.Kompas.com, dan www.panyingkul.com. (Tesis S2). Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Jurnal:
Alamiyah, Syifa Syarifah. (2015). Peluang dan Tantangan Jurnalisme Warga di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 7 (2), hal. 27-38. Dilihat pada 5 April 2017 dari: http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/7020/1/4._Jurnal_syifa_ikom_okt_15_(1).pdf
Darmanto, A. (2007). Aplikasi Nilai-nilai Jurnalisme Warga pada Radio Komunitas. Jurnal Komunikasi. 1 (2), hal. 121-132
Eddyono, Aryo Subarkah. (2012). Media Komunitas dan Jurnalisme Lingkungan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Menggagas Pencitraan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal, Universitas Soedirman – Purwokerto, September 2012, hal. 89-113. Dilihat pada 28 Desember 2016 dari: http://komunikasi.unsoed.ac.id/sites/default/files/07.Aryo%20Subarkah%20-%20univ%20Bakrie_0.pdf
Fitri. (2017). Etika Komunikasi Citizen Journalist di Media Internet Persfektif Islam (Analisis Konten Topik Pilihan Demo 4 November 2016 pada Kompasiana. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah. 36 (2), hal. 243-269. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jid.36i.2.1750
Fraser, Nancy. (2007). Transnationalizing the Public Sphere, On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post-Westphalian World. Jurnal Theory, Culture & Society. 24 (4).
Habibi, Zaki. (2007). Citizen Journalism: Ketika Berita Tak Hanya Memiliki Satu Muka. Jurnal Komunikasi. 1(2), hal. 110-120
Handayani, Dian. (2017). Peran Jurnalisme Warga (Citizen Journalist) Berbasis Santri sebagai Penyimbang Komunikasi Keagamaan Lokal Kediri. Mediakita. 1 (2), hal. 141-155
Harahap, Barkah Hadamean. (2015). Kaidah Jurnalaisme Warga. Hikmah. 2 (1), hal. 136-150
Jati, P. Imam Pratowo, dan Sulthan, Muhammad (2013). Jurnalisme Warga sebagai Katalisator Komunikasi Politik yang Berimbang. Acta diurnA. 9(2), hal. 49-60
Kurniawan, Moch. Nunung. (2007). Jurnalisme Warga di Indonesia, Prospek dan Tantangannya. Jurnal Makara 11 (2), hal. 71-78
Lindawati, Lisa. (2012). Kecenderungan Konten Berita Jurnalisme Warga dalam Portal Desa Jejaring “Gerakan Desa Membangun” tahun 2011-2013. Jurnal IPTEK-KOM, 16 (2), hal. 133-150
Nasrullah, Rulli. (2012). Komodifikasi Warga dalam Ruang Citizen Journalism. Jurnal Kawistara, 2(105).
Ningsih, Ida Nuraini. (2015). Proximity: Kedekatan yang Diusung Citizen Journalism (Studi Kasus: Persepsi Pelajar dan Alumni Pelajar Indonesia yang Melakukan Studi di Luar Negeri). Ultima Comm. 7(1), hal. 83-95
Nuraryo, Imam. Maliki, Diah Nurul. dan Maesyaroh, Siti. (2015). Jurnalisme Warga: Menjembatani Penyaluran Kreativitas dan Akses Reportase Media. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 12 (1), hal. 35-54
Sukartik, Dewi. (2016). Peran Jurnalisme Warga dalam Mengakomodir Aspirasi Masyarakat. Jurnal Risalah, 27 (1), hal. 10-16
Yoanita, Desi dan Lesmana, Fani. (2014). Akurasi dalam Jurnalisme Warga pada Radio Suara Surabaya. Jurnal Scriptura, 4 (2), hal. 47-53
Artikel online:
Jadilah Mata-mata Informasi, (n.d.). Pasangmata.detik.com. Dilihat pada 23 Desember 2016 dari: https://pasangmata.detik.com/page/about
Ketentuan Konten, (n.d.). Indonesiana.Tempo.co. Dilihat pada 23 Desember 2016 dari: https://Indonesiana.Tempo.co/kanal/ketentuan_konten/
Liputan6. (2013, 2 April). Mulailah Menjadi Pewarta Berita di Citizen6. Citizen6.liputan6.com. Dilihat pada 21 Desember 2016 dari: http://citizen6.liputan6.com/read/550790/mulailah-menjadi-pewarta-berita-di-citizen6
Lasica, D. (2003, 7 Agustus). What Is The Participatory Journalism? Online Journalism Review. Dilihat pada 14 Maret 2017 dari:
http://www.ojr.org/ojr/workplace/1060217106.php
Nasmudin, Acep. (2016, 26 Februari). Net CJ Tembus 90.000 Member. Wartakota.tribunnews.com. Dilihat pada 5 Desember 2016 dari: http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2016/02/26/net-cj-tembus-90000-member
NET CJ Tantang Warga jadi Jurnalis, Dapat Honor, Loh. (2016, 25 Februari). Jawapos.com. Dilihat pada 5 Desember 2016 dari: http://www.jawapos.com/read/2016/02/25/19252/net-cj-tantang-warga-jadi-jurnalis-dapat-honor-loh/2
Nielsen. (2016). Nielsen Radio Audience Measurement. Dilihat pada 9 Mei 2017 dari: www.nielsen.com/id/en/press-room/2016/RADIO-MASIH-MEMILIKI-TEMPAT-DI-HATI-PENDENGARNYA.html
Outing, Steve. (2005, 31 Mei). The 11 Layers of Citizen Journalism. Poynter.org. Dilihat pada 14 Maret 2017 dari:
https://www.poynter.org/2005/the-11-layers-of-citizen-journalism/69328/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Please find the rights and licenses in Profetik: Jurnal Komunikasi by submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Profetik's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Profetik permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Profetik on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights, The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books, The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, The right to self-archive the article (please read out deposit policy), The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Profetik: Jurnal Komunikasi).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Profetik will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Profetik will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Profetik entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Profetik will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Profetik's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.
