HOW INCLUSIVE IS AN INCLUSIVE COURT? The Practice of an Islamic Court in Malang, Indonesia

Authors

  • Arif Maftuhin Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2026.19101

Keywords:

Indonesian Islamic courts, inclusive court, access to justice , disability rights

Abstract

Ensuring the rights of individuals with disabilities continues to be a major challenge across various sectors in Indonesia. A key concern is safeguarding these rights within the judicial system, which is crucial for access to justice. Previous research has highlighted a range of paradigmatic, policy, and practical obstacles that often prevent individuals with disabilities from achieving fair access to the judiciary. This study investigates these challenges within the context of an Islamic court in Malang Regency, Indonesia. Through observations and interviews with court personnel and individuals with disabilities, it is evident that the Malang Regency Religious Court has made strides toward inclusivity. Efforts have been focused primarily on physical accessibility improvements, such as installing guiding blocks for the visually impaired, designating drop zones and parking spaces for disabled persons, providing ramps to access courtrooms, offering assistive devices, and issuing priority service cards. However, non-physical barriers still impede the development of a fully inclusive Islamic court. These include prevailing disability paradigms, cultural issues, and mental obstacles.

[Pemenuhan hak-hak penyandang disabilitas masih menjadi tantangan besar di berbagai sektor di Indonesia. Salah satu isu krusial adalah perlindungan hak-hak tersebut dalam sistem peradilan, mengingat pentingnya akses terhadap keadilan. Penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan adanya berbagai hambatan paradigmatik, kebijakan, dan praktik yang kerap menghalangi penyandang disabilitas untuk memperoleh akses yang adil terhadap lembaga peradilan. Studi ini mengkaji tantangan tersebut dalam konteks pengadilan agama di Kabupaten Malang, Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan wawancara dengan aparatur pengadilan serta penyandang disabilitas, ditemukan bahwa Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang telah melakukan sejumlah upaya menuju inklusivitas. Upaya tersebut terutama difokuskan pada peningkatan aksesibilitas fisik, seperti pemasangan guiding block bagi penyandang disabilitas netra, penyediaan drop zone dan area parkir khusus bagi penyandang disabilitas, penyediaan ramp untuk akses menuju ruang sidang, pemberian alat bantu, serta penerbitan kartu layanan prioritas. Namun demikian, hambatan nonfisik masih menghalangi terwujudnya pengadilan agama yang sepenuhnya inklusif. Hambatan tersebut meliputi paradigma disabilitas yang masih berkembang, faktor budaya, serta hambatan mental atau sikap aparatur dan lingkungan peradilan.]

References

Abdul Rahman. “Jajaki Kerjasama Tentang Pengadilan Inklusif (Disabilitas), Perlindungan Hak Perempuan Dan Anak Dan Pengadilan Elektronik, Ditjen Badilag Kunjungi Family Court of Australia - Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama.” December 10, 2019. https://badilag.mahkamahagung.go.id/seputar-ditjen-badilag/seputar-ditjen-badilag/jajaki-kerjasama-tentang-pengadilan-inklusif-disabilitas-perlindungan-hak-perempuan-dan-anak-dan-pengadilan-elektronik-ditjen-badilag-kunjungi-family-court-of-australia.

“ADA Checklists for Existing Facilities.” Accessed September 9, 2024. https://www.adachecklist.org/.

Admin. “Label Dan Kartu Pelayanan Prioritas Bagi Kelompok Rentan Di Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang.” October 21, 2022. https://pa-malangkab.go.id/Label-dan-Kartu-Pelayanan-Prioritas-Bagi-Kelompok-Rentan-Di-Pengadilan-Agama-Kabupaten-Malang.

Admin Badilag. “Direktorat Pembinaan Administrasi Peradilan Agama Melaksanakan Bimtek Layanan Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Sewilayah PTA Palembang - Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama, May 22, 2024. https://badilag.mahkamahagung.go.id/seputar-ditjen-badilag/seputar-ditjen-badilag/direktorat-pembinaan-administrasi-peradilan-agama-melaksanakan-bimtek-layanan-bagi-penyandang-disabilitas-sewilayah-pta-palembang.

Admin PA Kabupaten Malang. “Deteksi Dini Penyandang Disabilitas Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang, September 28, 2022. https://www.pa-malangkab.go.id/Deteksi-Dini-Penyandang-Disabilitas-Pengadilan-Agama-Kabupaten-Malang.

Admin PA Kabupaten Malang. “Pelayanan Prima Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang, July 14, 2021. https://www.pa-malangkab.go.id/Pelayanan-Prima-Bagi-Penyandang-Disabilitas.

Antlöv, Hans. “Village Leaders and the New Order.” In Leadership on Java. Routledge, 1994.

Australian Human Rights Commission. Equal Before the Law: Towards Disability Justice Strategies. Australia, 2014. https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/publications/equal-law.

Blanck, Peter, Ann Wilichowski, and James Schmeling. “Disability Civil Rights Law and Policy: Accessible Courtroom Technology.” William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 12, no. 3 (2004): 825.

Claire Edwards, Gillian Harold, and Shane Kilcommins. Access to Justice for People with Disabilities as Victims of Crime in Ireland. School of Applied Social Studies and Centre for Criminal Justice and Human Rights, Faculty of Law University College Cork, 2012. https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/academic/law/ccjhr/publicationsseptember2018/AccesstoJusticeforPeoplewithDisabilitiesasVictimsofCrimeinIreland2012.pdf.

Cress, Ronda, J. Grindstaff, and S. Malloy. “Mental Health Courts and Title II of the ADA: Accessibility to State Court Systems for Individuals with Mental Disabilities and the Need for Diversion.” Saint Louis University Public Law Review 25, no. 2 (2006). https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/plr/vol25/iss2/6.

Edwards, Claire. “Spacing Access to Justice: Geographical Perspectives on Disabled People’s Interactions with the Criminal Justice System as Victims of Crime.” Area 45, no. 3 (2013): 307–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12034.

Faradia, Dianah. “Penyediaan Akomodasi Yang Layak Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas: Studi Implementasi PP. No. 39 Tahun 2020 Di Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang.” UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2023.

Fitzsimons, Nancy M. Justice for Crime Victims with Disabilities in the Criminal Justice System: An Examination of Barriers and Impetus for Change. 2016.

Flynn, Eilionóir. “Making Human Rights Meaningful for People with Disabilities: Advocacy, Access to Justice and Equality before the Law.” The International Journal of Human Rights 17, no. 4 (2013): 491–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2013.782858.

Holness, W., and S. Rule. “Barriers to Advocacy and Litigation in the Equality Courts for Persons with Disabilities.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 17, no. 5 (2014): 1907–63. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v17i5.04.

Holzer, Brigitte, Arthur Vreede, and Gabriele Weigt, eds. Disability in Different Cultures: Reflections on Local Concepts. Transcript, 1999.

Khairun Nasta’in. Bimbingan Teknis Tim PSLD UB Untuk Meningkatkan Layanan Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Di Pengadilan Agama (PA) Kabupaten Malang - PLD UB. November 30, 2021. https://pld.ub.ac.id/en/bimbingan-teknis-tim-psld-ub-bagi-layanan-bagi-penyandang-disabilitas-di-pengadilan-agama-pa-kabupaten-malang/.

LBM PBNU. Fiqih Penguatan Penyandang Disabilitas. Lembaga Bahtsul Masail PBNU, 2018.

Lev, Daniel S. Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions. University of California Press, 1972.

Maftuhin, Arif. “Islamic Law, Disability, and Women in Indonesia: The Cases of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah.” Journal of Disability & Religion 28, no. 1 (2024): 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312521.2023.2255860.

Maftuhin, Arif. “Mosques for All: Nahdlatul Ulama and the Promotion of the Rights of People with Disabilities.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 15, no. 2 (2021): 247. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2021.15.2.247-270.

Maftuhin, Arif, and Mark Cammack. “Navigating Disability: Perspectives and Practices in Indonesian Religious Courts.” Ulumuna 29, no. 2 (2025): 603–33. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v29i2.1030.

Maftuhin, Arif, and Abidah Muflihati. “The Fikih Difabel of Muhammadiyah: Context, Content, and Aspiration to an Inclusive Islam.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 12, no. 2 (2022): 2. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v12i2.341-367.

Maftuhin, Arif, Waryono Abdul Ghofur, Ahmad Muttaqin, et al. Islam Dan Disabilitas: Dari Teks Ke Konteks. Gading, 2020.

McNamara, Donna. “Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities as Suspects of Crime.” In Vulnerability, the Accused, and the Criminal Justice System, 1st ed., by Roxanna Dehaghani, Samantha Fairclough, and Lore Mergaerts. Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003205166-3.

Nkhata, Mwiza Jo. “Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities in Malawi: Exploring Challenges and Possibilities in the Criminal Justice System.” African Disability Rights Yearbook 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.29053/2413-7138/2020/v8a6.

Ortoleva, Stephanie. “Inaccessible Justice: Human Rights, Persons With Disabilities And The Legal System.” ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 17, no. 2 (2010): 281–320.

PA Kab Malang. “Launching Inovasi Layanan Disabilitas PA Kab Malang Oleh Dirjen Badilag.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang. Accessed June 4, 2024. https://pa-malangkab.go.id/Launching-Inovasi-Layanan-Disabilitas-PA-Kab-Malang-oleh-Dirjen-Badilag.

PA Kab Malang. “Peresmian Layanan Disabilitas Oleh Dirjen Badilag MA RI.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang. Accessed June 4, 2024. https://www.pa-malangkab.go.id/Peresmian-Layanan-Disabilitas-oleh-Dirjen-Badilag-MA-RI.

PA Kab Malang. “Putusan PA KAB MALANG Nomor 229/Pdt.P/2024/PA.Kab.Mlg.” Mahkamah Agung R.I, 2024. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaeed622507c54b489ba313731353336.html.

PA Kab Malang. “Putusan PA KAB MALANG Nomor 385/Pdt.G/2019/PA.Kab.Mlg.” Mahkamah Agung R.I, 2019. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/8a1f5a1ac2e0f9f125e28162b311df57.html.

PA Kab Malang. “Putusan PA KAB MALANG Nomor 1341/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Kab.Mlg.” Mahkamah Agung R.I, 2021. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaeb9087b9f32e9282c9313931303137.html.

PA Kab Malang. “Putusan PA KAB MALANG Nomor 1511/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Kab.Mlg.” Mahkamah Agung R.I, 2018. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/203937bec81c4b734ea6cc6320929a73.html.

PA Kab Malang. “Putusan PA KAB MALANG Nomor 2239/Pdt.P/2021/PA.Kab.Mlg.” Mahkamah Agung R.I, 2021. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaec6c9269ec0134acd8313934313033.html.

PA Kab Malang. “Putusan PA KAB MALANG Nomor 6202/Pdt.G/2016/PA.KAB.MLG.” 2016. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/5947eef7810483c8964528d3ccf894df.html.

PA Kab Malang. “Sejarah Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang, August 20, 2017. https://www.pa-malangkab.go.id/pages/sejarah.

Panara, Carlo. “The Principle of Subsidiarity.” In The Sub-National Dimension of the EU: A Legal Study of Multilevel Governance, edited by Carlo Panara. Springer International Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14589-1_4.

Panggabean, Siska Naomi. “Access of People with Disabilities to Justice in Indonesia General Court System.” Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies 6, no. 1 (2019): 1. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2019.006.01.13.

Pengadilan Agama Sungguminasa. “Ciptakan Pengadilan Inklusif, Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama Gelar Bimbingan Teknis Layanan Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas.” September 10, 2022. https://pa-sungguminasa.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=464:ciptakan-pengadilan-inklusif-direktorat-jenderal-badan-peradilan-agama-gelar-bimbingan-teknis-layanan-bagi-penyandang-disabilitas&catid=115&Itemid=545.

Prasetya Online. “Dosen Berkarya Ulas Layanan Inklusif Di Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Malang.” Prasetya UB, November 12, 2021. https://prasetya.ub.ac.id/dosen-berkarya-ulas-layanan-inklusif-di-pengadilan-agama-kabupaten-malang/.

Ridwan Anwar. “Dorong Peradilan Inklusif, Ditjen Badilag Finalisasi Rancangan Standar Layanan Disabilitas Di Pengadilan Agama - Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama.” August 3, 2022. https://badilag.mahkamahagung.go.id/seputar-ditjen-badilag/seputar-ditjen-badilag/dorong-peradilan-inklusif-ditjen-badilag-finalisasi-rancangan-standar-layanan-disabilitas-di-pengadilan-agama.

Ridwan Anwar. “Wujudkan Percepatan Pengadilan Inklusif, Direktorat Pembinaan Administrasi Selenggarakan Bimbingan Teknis Pelayanan Penyandang Disabilitas Se-Wilayah PTA Semarang - Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama.” Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama, December 11, 2021. https://badilag.mahkamahagung.go.id/seputar-ditjen-badilag/seputar-ditjen-badilag/wujudkan-percepatan-pengadilan-inklusif-direktorat-pembinaan-administrasi-selenggarakan-bimbingan-teknis-pelayanan-penyandang-disabilitas-se-wilayah-pta-semarang.

Riungu, Joseph G. “Factors Affecting Access to Justice and Human Rights for Persons Living with Disabilities in Kenya.” Thesis, University of Nairobi, 2019. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/109461.

Roomaney, Ayesha. Assessing the Right to Physical Access to Justice, for Persons with Disabilities. University of the Western Cape, 2017. https://etd.uwc.ac.za:443/xmlui/handle/11394/5981.

Sheehan, Rory, and Afia Ali. “Self-Stigma in People with Intellectual Disabilities.” In Intellectual Disability and Stigma: Stepping Out from the Margins, edited by Katrina Scior and Shirli Werner. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52499-7_7.

Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 Tentang Peradilan Agama, No. 3 (2006).

Watson, Amy C., Patrick Corrigan, Jonathon E. Larson, and Molly Sells. “Self-Stigma in People With Mental Illness.” Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, no. 6 (2007): 1312–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl076.

White, Robyn, Juan Bornman, Ensa Johnson, and Dianah Msipa. “Court Accommodations for Persons with Severe Communication Disabilities: A Legal Scoping Review.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law (US) 27, no. 3 (2021): 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000289.

Wood, Erica F. “Toward a Barrier-Free Courthouse: Equal Access to Justice for Persons with Physical Disabilities.” Clearinghouse Review 24 (1991 1990): 557.

Downloads

Published

2026-01-07

Issue

Section

Article

How to Cite

HOW INCLUSIVE IS AN INCLUSIVE COURT? The Practice of an Islamic Court in Malang, Indonesia. (2026). Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 19(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2026.19101

Similar Articles

11-20 of 169

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.