Kaffārah Rules on Having Intercourse During Ramaḍān: Gender Analysis of Imam Nawāwī and Ibn Qudāmah’s Opinions
Abstract
This article tries to analyze the doctrine of kaffārah as the repentance for those who break the fast doing an intercourse in the day of Ramaḍān based on the opinions of Imam Nawāwī and Ibn Qudamah viewed from the perspective of gender. This is a library research that used descriptive-comparative methods along with normative and gender equity approach that discusses the text and modern context. The data was derived from the fikih’s books. This article shows that Muslims who commit a sexual intercourse in the day of Ramaḍān are burdened by an expiation that is mentioned in ḥadīṡ. Imam Nawawi stated that wife is not burdened by an expiation if she commits the intercourse, either by her willingness or under the compulsion. While Ibn Qudāmah stated that wife is burdened by an expiation if she commits it by her willingness and the legal burden will be lost if she is being under compulsion. From the perspective of gender, there is no difference between both man and woman’s kaffārah obligation. Both will get the consequence from all they have done, because both are the subjects of law. They should discuss each other on what choices to expiate their sins.
References
‘Ali Ibn Yusuf al-Fairuzabadi as-Syairazi. Al-Muhazzab Fi Fiqh Al-Imam Asy-Syafi’i, vol. 1. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2008.
Abu Bakr Ibn Mas’ud al-Kasani al- Hanafi. Kitab Badai’ as-Sanai’ Fi Tartib Asy-Syarai’, vol. 2. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1996.
Al-Bagdadiy, Abd al-Wahhab. Al-Ma’unah ‘ala Mazhab ‘Alim Al-Madinah Al-Imam Malik Ibn Anas, vol. 1. Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Hanbaliy, Ibn Muflih. Al-Mubdi’ Syarhu Al-Muqni’. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1997.
Al-Imraniy, Abi al-Husain Yahya Ibn Abi al-Khair Salim. Al-Bayan Fi Mazhab Al-Imam Asy-Syafi’i: Syarh Kitab Al-Muhazzab Kamilan Wa Al-Fiqh Al-Muqaran, vol. 3. Beirut: Dar al-Minhaj, 2007.
Al-Juzairy, Abdurrahman. Kitab Al-Fiqh ‘ala Al-Mazhab Al-‘Arba’Ah. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1996.
Al-Khin, Musthafa. Al-Fiqh Al-Manhaji ‘Ala Mazhab Al-Imam Al-Syafi’i, vol.1. Damaskus: Dar al-Qalam, 2009.
Al-Malikiy, Abi Muhammad ‘Abdulwahab Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Nasr al-Baghdadiy. Al-Isyraf ‘ala Nukat Masail Al-Khilaf. Riyadh: Dar Ibn al-Qayyim, 2008.
Al-Qazwiny, Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Yazid. Sunan Ibn Majah vol. 1. Semarang: Toha Putra.
Al-Qoiruwaniy, Ibn Abi Zaid. Al-Fawakih Al-Dawaniy ‘ala Risalat Ibn Abi Zaid Al-Qoiruwaniy. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1997.
Al-Qurtubi, Ibn ‘Abdi al-Barr an-Namriy. Al-Istizkar. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah, 2006.
Al-Sarkhasi. Al-Mabsuth. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
An-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria. Al-Majmu’ Syarh Al-Muhazzab, vol. 6. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
———. Raudah At-Talibin Wa ‘Umdah Al-Muftin, vol. 2,. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1995.
An-Naysaburi, Abu Husain Muslim bin al Hajaj al-Qushairi. Sahih Muslim. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Arabi, 2004.
As-Sarkhasi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abi Sahl. Kitab Al-Mabsut. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 2000.
Az-Zarhuni, Muhammad al-Fadil al-Fatimiy asy-Syubaihi. Al-Fajru Asy-Syati’u ‘Ala as-Sahih Al-Jami’, vol. 5. Riyad: Maktabah ar-Rusyd, 2009.
Az-Zuhaily, Wahbah. Al-Fiqh Al-Islamiy Wa Adillatuhu. Damskus: Dar al-Fikr al-Muasir, 1985.
Elahi, Habiba. “ARE GENDER RELATIONS IN THE ERA SATISFACTORY IN THE LIGHT OF ISLAM?” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC STUDIES & CULTURE vol. 4, no. 1 (2020).
Fauzan, Ibnudin. “The the Thingking of Islamic Economy in Muhammad Prophet Era (Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam Pada Masa Nabi Muhammad).” Risâlah, Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Studi Islam vol. 5, no. 1 (2019).
Fuqohak, Mukhamad Agus Zuhurul. “Pengaruh Maqôsid Syari’ah Di Dalam Tafsir Dan Ḥadīṡ,” 2020.
Hakim, Lukman, and Ahmad Danu Syaputra. “Al-Qur’an Dan Pengentasan Kemiskinan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam vol. 6, no. 3 (2020).
Hamdani, H. “Konsep Falsafah Penghukuman Dalam Islam.” REUSAM-Jurnal Ilmu Hukum vol. 8, no. 1 (2020).
Hermanto, Agus. “Teori Gender Dalam Mewujudkan Kesetaraan: Menggagas Fikih Baru.” Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Islam vol. 5, no. 2 (2017).
Imam an-Nawāwī. Rauḍatu At-Tālibīn. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah, n.d.
Islamy, Athoillah. “Dimensi Maqasid Shariah Dalam Ritualitas Ibadah Puasa Ramadhan.” ISLAMITSCH FAMILIERECHT JOURNAL vol. 2, no. 1 (2021).
Khan, M A Muqtedar. “The Loss of Ihsan.” In Islam and Good Governance. Springer, 2019.
Marfu’ah, Nurul, and Dianti Desita Sari. “PERBANDINGAN PENGARUH PUASA DAUD DAN PUASA SENIN-KAMIS TERHADAP KADAR KOLESTEROL PADA MENCIT,” n.d.
Muhammad Ibn Farra, At-Tahzib fi Fiqh al-Imam asy-Syafi’i. At-Tahzib Fi Fiqh Al-Imam Asy-Syafi’i. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1997.
Muhsinin, Mahmud. “Puasa Tekstual Dan Kontekstual Dalam Islam.” Al-Hikmah vol. 4, no. 1 (2019).
Qudamah, Ahmad bin Muhammad bin. Al-Mugni, vol. 4,. 2nd ed. Kairo: Hajar, 1992.
Qudamah, Ahmad Ibn Muhammad ibn. Raudat An-Nazir Wa Junnat Al-Manazir.
Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqh Al-Sunnah. Kairo: Daar al-Fath Li al-I’lam al-‘Arabi, 2000.
Wahbah az-Zuhaili. Al-Fiqh Al-Islami Wa Adillatuhu,. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-Muassir, 2007.
Zaidan, Abdul Karim. Al-Mufassal Fi Ahkam Al-Mar’ah Wa Bayt Al-Muslim Fi Asy-Syari’at Al-Islamiyah. Beirut: Muassasah ar-Risalah, 2000.
Zakaria, Samsul. “Nafkah Dan Ketimpangan Gender (Analisis Nafkah Dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam).” IJTIHAD vol. 36, no. 2 (2020).
Authors
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication, i.e. this journal.
- Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details, and publisher are identified.
