Child Adoption in Modern Islamic Family Law: A Comparative Study of Child Adoption in Turkey, Morocco, and Indonesia
Abstract
One of the academic gaps in the study of child adoption in Muslim-majority countries lies in the diverse interpretations and applications of Islamic law, particularly in balancing religious principles with modern legal frameworks. While adoption is widely practiced, its legal recognition and implementation vary significantly across Muslim countries. This study focuses on the adoption regulations in Morocco, Turkey, and Indonesia, three countries that represent distinct approaches to integrating Islamic family law with national legal. This research is a library study, using a juridical-normative approach to examine literature and related national regulations. The article is discussed comparatively, referring to the theory of Prof. Mr. Lodewijk Wilem Christian van den Berg (1845-1927), a Dutch legal scholar who argued that Islamic law should fully apply to all Muslims. The findings indicate consistency with Anderson's perspective on the reform of Islamic law. Differences in the regulation of child adoption in Turkey, Morocco, and Indonesia reflect varying interpretations and implementations of Islamic law in different Muslim countries. Turkey has undergone the most significant changes by adopting a more secular legal system, while Morocco has reformed family law to maintain fundamental Islamic principles with adjustments to meet modern societal needs. Indonesia continues to uphold many traditional aspects of Islamic law in adoption regulations, despite efforts to protect the rights of adopted children in accordance with the best interests of the child principle. This study contributes to the understanding of the flexibility of Islamic law in adapting to modernity and its implications for child rights protection. The findings can serve as a reference for policymakers in designing more inclusive regulations aligned with the best interests of the child.
Salah satu kesenjangan akademik dalam studi tentang pengangkatan anak di negara-negara mayoritas Muslim terletak pada beragamnya interpretasi dan penerapan hukum Islam, terutama dalam menyeimbangkan prinsip-prinsip keagamaan dengan kerangka hukum modern. Meskipun praktik pengangkatan anak banyak dilakukan, pengakuan dan implementasi hukumnya sangat bervariasi di berbagai negara Muslim. Penelitian ini berfokus pada regulasi pengangkatan anak di Maroko, Turki, dan Indonesia, tiga negara yang mewakili pendekatan berbeda dalam mengintegrasikan hukum keluarga Islam dengan sistem hukum nasional. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan, dengan pendekatan yuridis-normatif yang mengkaji literatur dan regulasi perundang-undangan negara terkait. Artikel ini dibahas secara komparatif, dengan merujuk pada teori Prof. Mr. Lodewijk Wilem Christian van den Berg (1845-1927), seorang ahli hukum Belanda yang berpendapat bahwa hukum Islam harus berlaku penuh bagi seluruh umat Muslim yang memeluknya. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan adanya konsistensi dengan pandangan Anderson tentang reformasi hukum Islam yang berpendapat bahwa hukum Islam bersifat fleksibel dan mengalami transformasi untuk menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat modern. Perbedaan dalam regulasi pengangkatan anak di Turki, Maroko, dan Indonesia menunjukkan adanya variasi dalam interpretasi dan implementasi hukum Islam di berbagai negara Muslim. Turki mengalami perubahan yang paling signifikan dengan mengadopsi sistem hukum yang lebih sekuler, sementara Maroko telah melakukan reformasi hukum keluarga yang tetap mempertahankan prinsip-prinsip dasar Islam namun dengan penyesuaian untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat modern. Indonesia masih mempertahankan banyak aspek tradisional dari hukum Islam dalam regulasi pengangkatan anak, meskipun telah ada upaya untuk melindungi hak-hak anak angkat sesuai dengan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak. Studi ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman tentang fleksibilitas hukum Islam dalam menghadapi modernitas serta implikasinya terhadap perlindungan hak anak. Hasilnya dapat menjadi referensi bagi pembuat kebijakan dalam merancang regulasi yang lebih inklusif sesuai dengan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak.
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