Contingent Liability in Traditional Economic Transactions: An Islamic Business Ethics Study in Dusun Cappego Utang-Piutang Bersyarat dalam Praktik Transaksi Ekonomi Tradisional: Kajian Etika Bisnis Islam di Dusun Cappego
Abstract
Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji praktik hutang piutang bersyarat dalam jual beli batu bata yang terjadi di Dusun Cappego, Sulawesi Barat, dari perspektif etika bisnis Islam. Praktik ini melibatkan dua akad qarḍ (pinjaman) dan bay’ (jual beli) yang terikat dalam satu kesepakatan informal, di mana pengrajin wajib menjual hasil produksinya kepada pengepul yang memberi pinjaman. Struktur ini menunjukkan indikasi multi-akad dengan unsur ta’alluq (keterikatan antar akad), yang menurut fatwa DSN-MUI dapat membatalkan keabsahan akad secara syar‘i. Selain aspek hukum, studi ini juga menyoroti pelanggaran terhadap prinsip etis dalam muamalat Islam, seperti keadilan, kerelaan, dan kejujuran. Pengrajin tidak memiliki kebebasan dalam menentukan harga dan pembeli, sementara pengepul memanfaatkan posisi dominan untuk mengontrol alur transaksi. Studi lapangan dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi, menunjukkan bahwa relasi ekonomi ini telah membentuk struktur ketergantungan sosial yang diwariskan secara turun-temurun. Minimnya literasi muamalat memperparah situasi, karena pelaku ekonomi lokal tidak memahami hak-hak mereka dalam transaksi syariah. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pendekatan literasi muamalat yang partisipatif, berbasis nilai etika Islam, serta didukung oleh lembaga keuangan syariah yang adil. Temuan ini berkontribusi dalam mengisi kesenjangan antara norma fikih dan praktik ekonomi masyarakat informal. Artikel ini menekankan pentingnya membangun sistem transaksi yang tidak hanya sah secara hukum, tetapi juga etis secara moral dan memberdayakan secara sosial.
Abstract: This study examines the practice of Contingent Liability in brick trading in Dusun Cappego, West Sulawesi, from the perspective of Islamic business ethics. The practice involves two contracts qarḍ (loan) and bay’ (sale) that are informally bound, requiring brickmakers to sell their products to the lender (collector). This structure indicates a hybrid contract with elements of ta’alluq (contract interdependence), which, according to the DSN-MUI fatwa, may invalidate the contract’s sharia compliance. Beyond legal aspects, this research highlights ethical violations in Islamic commercial dealings, such as justice, consent, and honesty. Artisans have no bargaining power over pricing or buyers, while collectors dominate the transaction flow. Field data were collected through interviews, observations, and document reviews, revealing that this economic relationship has created a generational cycle of social dependency. Low levels of Islamic financial literacy among local producers worsen the issue, as they lack awareness of their rights in sharia-based transactions. The study recommends a participatory literacy approach grounded in Islamic ethics, supported by just and accessible Islamic financial institutions. The findings contribute to bridging the gap between fiqh norms and informal economic practices. Ultimately, this article argues for a transactional system that is not only legally valid but also ethically sound and socially empowering in line with the holistic objectives of Islamic economic justice.
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