Legal Semantic Anthropological Reading of Kataba Constructing the Qur’anic Evidentiary Order of Debt

Mohammad Luthfil Anshori(1)
(1) STAI Al-Anwar Sarang Rembang

Abstract

Qur’an 2:282 is often read as a legal instruction to record deferred debt, leaving the social and evidentiary significance of kataba underexplored. This article examines how kataba moves beyond graphic writing to shape an evidentiary order for debt transactions. The study uses qualitative library research based on mawūʿī-nuzūlī theory, supported by lexical-semantic analysis, comparative exegesis, and legal anthropology as a limited conceptual lens. Its primary sources include classical Arabic lexicons and the commentaries of al-Ṭabarī, al-Qurṭubī, al-Rāzī, and Ibn ʿĀshūr. The findings show that the semantic associations of k-t-b with gathering, binding, prescribing, and obligating become relevant only through the structure of the verse. Although exegetes disagree over whether fa-uktubūhu indicates obligation or strong recommendation, they share a concern with protecting rights, strengthening proof, and preventing disputes. The verse establishes an evidentiary order through the debtor’s dictation, the impartial work of the kātib bi al-ʿadl, testimony, and protection for scribes and witnesses. This structure articulates documentary consciousness as the normative expectation that financial rights and obligations should acquire a readable and verifiable form capable of establishing responsibility. 


QS. al-Baqarah 282 sering dipahami sebagai dasar hukum pencatatan utang bertempo, tetapi makna sosial dan pembuktian dari kataba belum banyak dikaji secara mendalam. Artikel ini menelaah bagaimana kataba tidak hanya menunjuk tindakan menulis, melainkan membentuk tata bukti dalam transaksi utang. Dengan menggunakan teori mawḍūʿī-nuzūlī sebagai kerangka utama, analisis dilakukan melalui penelitian kepustakaan kualitatif yang memadukan kajian leksikal-semantik, perbandingan tafsir, dan antropologi hukum sebagai lensa konseptual terbatas. Sumber utama yang digunakan meliputi leksikon Arab klasik serta tafsir al-Ṭabarī, al-Qurṭubī, al-Rāzī, dan Ibn ʿĀshūr. Temuan artikel menunjukkan bahwa makna akar k-t-b yang berkaitan dengan menghimpun, mengikat, menetapkan, dan mewajibkan memperoleh relevansinya melalui struktur ayat. Meskipun para mufasir berbeda pendapat mengenai status hukum fa-uktubūhu, mereka sama-sama menempatkan penulisan sebagai sarana menjaga hak, menguatkan bukti, dan mencegah sengketa. Ayat ini membangun tata bukti melalui pendiktean debitur, kātib bi al-ʿadl, persaksian, dan perlindungan terhadap penulis serta saksi. Struktur tersebut membentuk kesadaran dokumentatif bahwa hak dan kewajiban finansial perlu memiliki bentuk yang dapat dibaca, diverifikasi, dan dipertanggungjawabkan.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, al-Qurṭubī. Al-Jāmi‘ Li Aḥkām al-Qur’Ān. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1964.

Anjum, Ovamir. “Islam as a Discursive Tradition: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27, no. 3 (2007): 656–72. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-041.

Anwar, Syamsul. Hukum Perjanjian Syariah : Studi Tentang Teori Akad Dalam Fikih Muamalat. Rajawali Pers, 2010.

Asad, Talal. “The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam.” Qui Parle 17, no. 2 (2009): 1–30.

Asfahani, al-Raghib al-. Al-Mufradat Fi Gharib al-Qur`an. Damaskus. Dar al-Qalam, 2009.

Az-Zuḥaylī, Waḥbah. Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Dārul Fikr, 1985.

Cook, Michael. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. Taylor and Francis, 2013.

Donner, Fred McGraw, and Rebecca Hasselbach, eds. Scripts and Scripture: Writing and Religion in Arabia circa 500-700 CE. Late Antique and Medieval Islamic near East, number 3. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2022.

Ehrenkreutz, Andrew S., and Jere L. Bacharach. Monetary Change and Economic History in the Medieval Muslim World. Collected Studies Series ; CS371. Ashgate Pub, 1992.

El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Foucault, Michel, and Michel Foucault. The Archaeology of Knowledge. 1st American ed. World of Man. Pantheon Books, 1972.

Harun, Daud Rasyid, Aisyah Daud Rasyid, Asmuliadi Lubis, Mohd Abd Wahab Fatoni Bin Mohd Balwi, and Bilal Daud Rasyid. “The Writing of Hadith in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: A Critique on Harun Nasution’s Thought.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 59, no. 1 (2021): 191–220. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2021.591.191-220.

Hoyland, Robert G. Arabia and the Arabs: From The Bronze Age to The Coming of Islam. Routledge, 2001.

Ibnu ‘Āsyūr, Muhammad bin Ṭāhir. “Tafsīr Al-Tahrīr Wa at-Tanwīr Juz 26.” In Tafsīr Al-Tahrīr Wa at-Tanwīr. Dār al-Tūnisiyyah, n.d.

Izutsu, Toshihiko. God and Man in the Koran: Semantics of the Koranic Weltanschaung. New ed., 2. repr. Islamic Book Trust, 2008.

Jawziyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim al-. Al-Ṭuruq al-Ḥukmiyyah Fī al-Siyāsah al-Shar‘iyyah. Kairo. Maṭba‘at al-Madanī, n.d.

Mackintosh-Smith, Tim. Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires. Yale University Press, 2019.

Manẓur, Ibnu. “Lisānul ‘Arab.” In Lisanul Arab. Juz 7. Dar Shadr.

Mughits, Abdul. “Penerapan Prinsip At-Tārāḍī Dalam Akad-Akad Muamalat.” Az-Zarqa’: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam 4, no. 1 (2012): 31–56. https://doi.org/10.14421/g9k64672.

Muḥammad, ʿAlī Ǧumʿa. aṭ-Ṭarīq ila ’t-turāṯ al-islāmī: muqaddimāt maʿrifīya wa-madāḫil manhaǧīya. Ṭabʿa 1. Nahḍat Miṣr, 2004.

Negadi, Chiheb. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE HOLY QURAN - STORIES OF THE PROPHETS AS A MODEL-.” RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, no. 01 (2022): 01–17. https://doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.15.1.

Nurrohim, Ahmad Hujaj, Landy Trisna Abdurrahman, and Khairul Imam. “Usury in Online Loans and Pay Later: From Historical Perspective to Its Contextualization on Modern Practice.” Az-Zarqa’: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam 15, no. 2 (2023): 283–306. https://doi.org/10.14421/azzarqa.v15i2.3303.

Rajchman, John. Truth and Eros: Foucault, Lacan and the Question of Ethics. Rouledge Library Editions: Michel Foucault. Taylor and Francis, 2013.

Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-. Mafātīḥ Al-Ghayb. Vol. 2. Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

Shihab, Moh Quraish. Kaidah Tafsir: Syarat, Ketentuan, Dan Aturan Yang Patut Anda Ketahui Dalam Memahami Ayat-Ayat al-Qur’an: Dilengkapi Penjelasan Kritis Tentang Hermeneutika Dalam Penafsiran al-Qur’an. Cetakan III. Lentera Hati, 2015.

Sodiqin, Ali. Antropologi Al-Quran: Model Dialektika Wahyu Dan Budaya. Ar-Ruzz Media, 2008.

Sodiqin, Ali. “Antropologi Hukum sebagai Pendekatan dalam Penelitian Hukum Islam.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 7, no. 1 (2013): 115–26. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i1.581.

Sodiqin, Ali. Teori Maudhu’i Nuzuli sebagai Dasar Pengembangan Fikih Maqasidi. Fakultas Syari’ah dan Hukum UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2024.

Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-. Jāmi‘ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’Wīl Āy al-Qur’Ān. Vol. 7, edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Syākir. Dār al-Ma‘ārif, n.d.

Ulandari, Ayu, and Muh Yusril Anam. “Contingent Liability in Traditional Economic Transactions: An Islamic Business Ethics Study in Dusun Cappego: Utang-Piutang Bersyarat Dalam Praktik Transaksi Ekonomi Tradisional: Kajian Etika Bisnis Islam Di Dusun Cappego.” Az-Zarqa’: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam 16, no. 2 (2024): 203–23. https://doi.org/10.14421/az-zarqa.v16.i2.4084.

Authors

Mohammad Luthfil Anshori
luthfianshori@staialanwar.ac.id (Primary Contact)
Luthfil Anshori, M. (2026). A Legal Semantic Anthropological Reading of Kataba: Constructing the Qur’anic Evidentiary Order of Debt. Az-Zarqa’: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam, 18(1), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.14421/az-zarqa.v18.i1.4919

Article Details

How to Cite

Luthfil Anshori, M. (2026). A Legal Semantic Anthropological Reading of Kataba: Constructing the Qur’anic Evidentiary Order of Debt. Az-Zarqa’: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam, 18(1), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.14421/az-zarqa.v18.i1.4919