New Enclosure of the Commons: A Human Rights Critique of Rights to Cultivate in the Capital City of Nusantara

Authors

  • Iswantoro Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Keywords:

Rights to Cultivate;, Nusantara Capital City; , Enclosure of the Commons;, Human Rights.

Abstract

Rights to Cultivate in the Capital City of Nusantara (IKN), which allows control for up to 190 years, reflects a shift in resource governance in Indonesia from a social paradigm toward an economic orientation centered on capital accumulation. This shift reveals that agrarian law is no longer an instrument of social justice, but rather a means of legitimizing long-term control by capital. This research aims to interpret Rights to Cultivate in the IKN Law as a form of new enclosure of the commons, by tracing the changes in resource governance patterns that are institutionalized through state policy. Using a descriptive qualitative method based on regulatory studies and academic literature, the analysis finds that the Rights to Cultivate eflects practices of accumulation by Dispossession, double movement, and territorialisation by regulation, while at the same time contradicting the spirit of human rights in land management through the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, and commitments to economic, social, and cultural rights. This policy demonstrates a shift in resource governance toward a system that prioritizes capital and investment, yet overlooks the dimension of social justice. The Rights to Cultivate in the IKN Law can be interpreted as a new enclosure of the commons. This concept represents a new legal boundary that restricts people's access to their living space in the name of an institutionalized logic of capital.

Kebijakan Hak Guna Usaha dalam Undang-Undang Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) yang memungkinkan penguasaan hingga 190 tahun mencerminkan pergeseran tata kelola sumber daya di Indonesia dari paradigma sosial menuju orientasi ekonomi yang berpusat pada akumulasi kapital. Pergeseran ini menunjukkan bagaimana hukum pertanahan tidak lagi menjadi instrumen keadilan sosial, tetapi sarana legalisasi penguasaan jangka panjang oleh modal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaknai HGU IKN sebagai bentuk new enclosure of the commons, dengan menelusuri perubahan pola tata kelola sumber daya yang dilembagakan melalui kebijakan negara. Menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif berbasis studi peraturan dan literatur akademik, analisis menemukan bahwa HGU IKN mencerminkan praktik accumulation by dispossession, double movement, dan territorialisation by regulation, sekaligus bertentangan dengan semangat hak asasi manusia dalam pengelolaan lahan melalui UUPA 1960, Pasal 33 UUD 1945, serta komitmen terhadap hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya. Kebijakan ini memperlihatkan transformasi tata kelola sumber daya menjadi sistem yang mengutamakan modal dan investasi, namun mengabaikan dimensi keadilan sosial. HGU IKN dapat dimaknai sebagai new enclosure of the commons. Konsep ini merupakan suatu pagar hukum baru yang menutup akses rakyat atas ruang hidupnya demi logika kapital yang dilembagakan.

References

Adjie, H. “Indonesian Land Rights for Individual Limited Companies.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 17, no. 2 (2023): 20–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766702.

Batou, Jean. “Accumulation by Dispossession and Anti-Capitalist Struggles: A Long Historical Perspective.” Science & Society: A Journal of Marxist Thought and Analysis 79, no. 1 (January 2015): 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2015.79.1.11.

Bowers, C A. Revitalizing the Commons: Cultural and Educational Sites of Resistance and Affirmation. Revitalizing the Commons: Cultural and Educational Sites of Resistance and Affirmation, 2006. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105014035309&partnerID=40&md5=e40325bf87e10c0057c05cd1c8c66cd4.

Deka, B J. “Revisiting the Concept of Market Environmentalism and Human Right to Water.” International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 9, no. 2 (2020): 295–300. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079688272&partnerID=40&md5=524e37ab0024584353c9e278c4e7a69a.

Fuad, Fokky, Heriyono Tardjono, Aris Machmud, Nizla Rohayah, and Prosper Maghucu. “Ownership of Land: Legal Philosophy and Culture Analysis of Land Property Rights.” Jurnal Media Hukum 30, no. 2 (December 26, 2023): 98–116. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v30i2.18264.

Gómez Lende, Sebastián. “ORDEN GLOBAL Y ACUMULACIÓN POR DESPOSESIÓN EN ARGENTINA (1990-2012): CINCO ESTUDIOS DE CASO.” Finisterra 50, no. 99 (July 14, 2015). https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis3144.

Heri, Corina. “The Human Right to Land, for Peasants and for All: Tracing the Social Function of Property to 1948.” Human Rights Law Review 20, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 433–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaa026.

Inverardi-Ferri, Carlo. “Field Systems and Enclosure.” In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 91–96. Elsevier, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10463-9.

Isnaini, Isnaini, Rizkan Zulyadi, and Abdul Kadir. “The Models of North Sumatra Provincial Government Policy in Resolving the Ex-Hgu Land Conflicts of PTPN II Plantations in Deli Serdang Regency.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 1206–15. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.962.

Khoiri, Ahmad Hasbullah Al, Musleh Harry, and Yayuk Whindari. “PENAMBAHAN JANGKA WAKTU HAK GUNA USAHA PADA UNDANG UNDANG NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2023 TENTANG IBU KOTA NUSANTARA PERSPEKTIF MASLAHAH MURSALAH.” Al-Balad; Journal of Constitusional Law 6, no. 1 (2024): 17–31. https://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/albalad/article/view/9504.

Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia dan Sawit Watch. Hak Guna Usaha Dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: KOMNAS HAM dan Sawit Watch, 2022.

Lende, S G. “Neoliberalismo y Acumulación Por Desposesión En Argentina (Períodos 1976-1983, 1989-2002 y 2016-2019).” Cuadernos Del Cendes 37, no. 103 (2020): 91–126. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097592543&partnerID=40&md5=f03fbb90f03a3fd43060c779e0b7249b.

Levien, Michael. “The Land Question: Special Economic Zones and the Political Economy of Dispossession in India.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 39, no. 3–4 (July 28, 2012): 933–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.656268.

LEVIEN, MICHAEL. “Special Economic Zones and Accumulation by Dispossession in India.” Journal of Agrarian Change 11, no. 4 (October 2011): 454–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00329.x.

MAULANA, M. “Konstitusionalitas Masa Konsesi Hak Guna Usaha Di Ibu Kota Nusantara Dalam Perspektif Reforma Agraria.” Fakultas Hukum, 2023. https://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/123862.

McMichael, Philip. “Updating Karl Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’ for Critical Agrarian Studies.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 50, no. 6 (September 19, 2023): 2123–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2219978.

Moroni, Stefano. “Property as a Human Right and Property as a Special Title. Rediscussing Private Ownership of Land.” Land Use Policy 70 (January 2018): 273–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.037.

Murti, Aditya Khrisna, Nawang Wulan, and Andre Bagus Saputra. “Problematika Konflik Norma Penerapan Jangka Waktu Hak Atas Tanah Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2023 Tentang Pemberian Perizinan Berusaha, Kemudahan Berusaha, Dan Fasilitas Penanaman Modal Bagi Pelaku Usaha Di Ibu Kota Nusantara.” In Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia, 1:33–46, 2023. https://journal.uii.ac.id/psha/article/view/30955.

Safik, Akhmad, and Mira Ewinda. “Pengelolaan Tanah Di Ibu Kota Negara IKN.” Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 50. https://doi.org/10.36722/jmih.v8i2.2307.

Sánchez Berrocal, Alejandro. “Acumulación Por Desposesión.” EUNOMÍA. Revista En Cultura de La Legalidad, October 1, 2020, 258–74. https://doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2020.5711.

Sandbrook, Richard. “Polanyi’s Double Movement and Capitalism Today.” Development and Change 53, no. 3 (May 8, 2022): 647–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12699.

Sari, Chika Fatika, and Fadillah Zulfa Naftali. “Implications for the Development of the National Capital of the Archipelago and Protection of Customary Law Communities: A Review of Law Number 3 of 2022.” Arkus 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2024): 566–72. https://doi.org/10.37275/arkus.v10i3.546.

Seo, Bongman. “Towards Multiscalar Spaces of the Territorial Logic of Power: A Critical Reflection on Harvey’s ‘Accumulation by Dispossession.’” Japanese Journal of Human Geography 61, no. 1 (2009): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.4200/jjhg.61.1_23.

Sudiro, Amad. “Measuring the Openness of Land Investment Policy Related to Housing or Residential Ownership by Foreigners in Indonesia.” EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXI, no. Issue 2 (November 1, 2018): 165–77. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/992.

Syafitri, Cut Zulfahnur, Kurdi Kurdi, Budiman Rusli, and Azhari Azhari. “Land Rights and Their Environmental Implications for Indigenous Communities in Nusantara Capital City.” Jurnal Hukum Magnum Opus 7, no. 2 (August 11, 2024): 198–209. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhmo.v7i2.11569.

Tavares, A.O., Mário Monteiro, M.A. Vargas, R.L. Pato, and Rita Serra. “Land Use Change and Forest Routing in a Rural Context: The Relevance of the Community-Based Management and Planning Framework.” Applied Geography 52 (August 2014): 153–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.008.

Vail, John. Karl Polanyi and the Paradoxes of the Double Movement. New York: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003133186.

Vivekanandan, B., and Nimmi Kurian. “Introduction: Welfare States and the Future.” In Welfare States and the Future, 1–13. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554917_1.

Zakie, Mukmin. “KONFLIK AGRARIA YANG TAK PERNAH REDA.” Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 40. https://doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i1.4256.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-29

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1-10 of 31

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.