Beyond Positivism: Reconstructing Kuntowijoyo’s Prophetic Social Science in Contemporary Islamic Social Theory
License
Authors who publish with JSR agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
Abstract
Modern social science, shaped by a positivist epistemology, tends to separate facts from values, so religion is often placed outside the realm of legitimate social knowledge, even though in many Muslim societies it continues to shape norms, authority, and public life. This study aims to reconstruct Kuntowijoyo’s Prophetic Social Science as a conceptual-analytical framework within contemporary Islamic social theory. This research is a conceptual paper employing a qualitative literature review approach. The data were collected purposively from Kuntowijoyo’s major works, especially Islam Sebagai Ilmu and related writings, as well as supporting literature in social theory, Islamic epistemology, and recent studies on religion, normativity, and knowledge production. The analysis was conducted through reflexive thematic analysis by means of repeated close reading, identification of conceptual patterns, thematic grouping, and interpretive reconstruction of theoretical relationships. The findings show that Prophetic Social Science can be reconstructed not merely as a normative-ethical project, but as a conceptual-analytical framework that integrates revelation, reason, and social reality in a dialogical manner. The categories of humanization, liberation, and transcendence can therefore be positioned as analytical tools for examining socio-religious dynamics such as authority, inequality, moral contestation, and institutional relations. This study implies that Prophetic Social Science offers an alternative path for developing a non-reductionist social theory that connects normative orientation with empirical analysis.
Ilmu sosial modern yang dibentuk oleh epistemologi positivistik cenderung memisahkan fakta dari nilai sehingga agama kerap ditempatkan di luar sumber pengetahuan sosial yang sah, padahal dalam banyak masyarakat Muslim, agama tetap aktif membentuk norma, otoritas, dan kehidupan publik. Penelitian ini bertujuan merekonstruksi Ilmu Sosial Profetik Kuntowijoyo sebagai kerangka konseptual-analitis dalam teori sosial Islam kontemporer. Penelitian ini merupakan artikel konseptual yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi literatur. Data dikumpulkan secara purposif dari karya utama Kuntowijoyo, khususnya “Islam Sebagai Ilmu” dan tulisan terkait lainnya, serta literatur pendukung dalam teori sosial, epistemologi Islam, dan kajian mutakhir tentang agama, normativitas, dan produksi pengetahuan. Analisis dilakukan melalui reflexive thematic analysis dengan pembacaan berulang, identifikasi pola konseptual, pengelompokan tema, dan rekonstruksi interpretatif atas hubungan teoretis antarkonsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ilmu Sosial Profetik dapat direkonstruksi bukan sekadar sebagai proyek normatif-etis, tetapi sebagai kerangka konseptual-analitis yang mengintegrasikan wahyu, rasio, dan realitas sosial secara dialogis. Kategori humanisasi, liberasi, dan transendensi terbukti dapat diposisikan sebagai perangkat analitis untuk membaca dinamika sosio-keagamaan seperti otoritas, ketimpangan, kontestasi moral, dan relasi institusional. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah bahwa Ilmu Sosial Profetik menawarkan jalur alternatif bagi pengembangan teori sosial non-reduksionis yang menghubungkan orientasi normatif dengan analisis empiris.
Keywords:
Prophetic Social Science (ISP), Islamic Social Theory, Epistemological Reconstruction, Kuntowijoyo’sReferences:
Al-Faruqi, Ismaʼil R. 1987. Islamization of Knowledge: General Principles and Work Plan. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Bhambra, Gurminder K. 2021. “Colonial Global Economy: Towards a Theoretical Reorientation of Political Economy.” Review of International Political Economy 28(2):307–22. doi:10.1080/09692290.2020.1830831.
Cai, Hua. 2025. “The Epistemology of Contemporary Social Sciences and Humanities.” International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 9(1):12. doi:10.1186/s41257-025-00135-9.
Comte, Auguste. 1858. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Blanchard.
Creswell, John W., and Cheryl N. Poth. 2016. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications.
Doeppner, Carina A., Amanda Katharina Binder, Franziska Bremm, Niklas Feuchter, Jan Dörrie, and Niels Schaft. 2025. “Rendering NK Cells Antigen-Specific for the Therapy of Solid Tumours.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(13):6290. doi:10.3390/ijms26136290.
Durkheim, Émile, and WS Pickering. 2011. “Durkheim on Religion: A Selection of Readings with Bibliographies and Introductory Remarks.” https://digital.casalini.it/9780227902547.
Fraser, Ian. 2005. “Towards a Critical Theory of Society: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 2.” Contemporary Political Theory 4(4):469–70. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300193.
Fraser, Nancy. 2021. “Climates of Capital for a Trans-Environmental Eco-Socialism.” New Left Review (127):94–127. doi:https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii127/articles/nancy-fraser-climates-of-capital.
Fuchs, Christian. 2020. Nationalism on the Internet: Critical Theory and Ideology in the Age of Social Media and Fake News. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Gatto, Nicolle M., Elizabeth M. Garry, Melanie Wang, Névine Zariffa, Laura Roe, Aloka Chakravarty, and Donna Rivera. 2025. “Increasing the Utility of Real-World Data to Inform Public Health Decision Making Through a US-Based Private–Public Partnership: 10 Lessons Learned from a Principled Approach to Rapid Pandemic RWE Generation.” Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 59(3):629–41. doi:10.1007/s43441-025-00748-4.
Harcourt, Bernard E. 2025. “On Critical Genealogy.” Contemporary Political Theory 24(2):167–85. doi:10.1057/s41296-024-00715-y.
Husni, Husni, and Walter Hayden. 2024. “The Epistemology of Ta’dib in Islamic Civilizational Discourse: Reviving and Reconstructing Contemporary Muslim Scholars’ Views.” Journal of Al-Tamaddun 19(1):181–97. doi:10.22452/JAT.vol19no1.14.
Istiqomah, Siti, Angga Rosidin, and Zakaria Habib Al-Razi`e. 2025. “Ilmu Sosial Profetik Ketika Ilmu Bertemu Moral Dan Spiritualitas.” Jurnal Penelitian Multidisiplin Bangsa 2(1):72–77. doi:10.59837/jpnmb.v2i1.437.
Jaakkola, Elina. 2020. “Designing Conceptual Articles: Four Approaches.” AMS Review 10(1–2):18–26. doi:10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0.
Kollar, Rachel, Nella Geurts, and Niels Spierings. 2026. “From Islamic Religiosity to Political Participation. The Role of Social Exclusion and Origin-Country Ties.” Social Science Research 134:103295. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103295.
Koopman, Colin. 2013. Genealogy as Critique: Foucault and the Problems of Modernity. Indiana University Press.
Kuntowijoyo. 2006. Islam Sebagai Ilmu: Epistemologi, Metodologi Dan Etika. Tiara Wacana.
Maulana, Abdullah Muslich Rizal, Sufratman Sufratman, and Ainun Aliah. 2023a. “Kuntowijoyo Prophetic Social Science And Its Relevance To Material Religion.” Jurnal SUARGA: Studi Keberagamaan Dan Keberagaman 2(1). doi:10.24090/suarga.v2i1.7758.
Nabil Amir, Ahmad, and Tasnim Abdul Rahman. 2025a. “Mohd. Kamal Hassan’s Concept and Framework of Islamization of Knowledge.” Madinah: Jurnal Studi Islam 12(1):1–17. doi:10.58518/madinah.v12i1.3387.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2020. Decolonization, Development and Knowledge in Africa: Turning Over a New Leaf. 1st ed. Routledge.
Rosa, Hartmut. 2020. The Uncontrollability of the World. John Wiley & Sons.
Seibert, Thomas-Michael. 2020. “Vom Schreien. Ikon Und Index in Bachmanns Ein Wildermuth.” Sprache Und Literatur 48(2):185–95. https://doi.org/10.30965/25890859-04802004.
Shah, Samina Batool, and Riaz Ahmad Saeed. 2022. “Islamic Principles to Combat Radicalization in Academia: An Exploratory Study in Pakistani Context.” Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 12(2):255–70. doi:10.32350/jitc.122.18.
Sriwijbant, Anjali, and Tejo Waskito. 2026. “Dialektika Positivisme Dan Epistemologi Islam: Mencari Paradigma Integratif Dalam Pendidikan.” SITASI: Journal of Islamic Studies and Inclusive Education 1(1):22–36. doi:10.55677/ijssers/V04I8Y2024-10.
Swedberg, Richard. 2014. “The Art of Social Theory.” https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691155227/the-art-of-social-theory.
Zhao, Peng. 2023. Working with Data in Public Health: A Practical Pathway with R. Springer Nature.
