Judicial Transformation and Institutional Independence in Early Islam: Evidence from The Rightly Guided Caliphs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/tpd3mj40Keywords:
Islamic judicial system, khulafa al-rasyidin, legal dynamicsAbstract
The growing complexity of social challenges following the passing of Prophet Muhammad prompted changes in Islamic judicial institutions. Understanding these developments provides a historical foundation for contemporary Islamic judicial management. This study aims to analyze the transformation of the Islamic judicial system during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa al-Rashidin), focusing on its transition from the Prophet’s singular judicial authority to a more structured institutional framework. Using a comparative-historical approach, the study employs descriptive qualitative methods through library research and content analysis of primary and secondary sources. The findings reveal that this transformation was gradual, reflecting institutional responses to changing social and administrative needs. Judicial practices under Abu Bakr preserved the simplicity of the prophetic era, whereas Umar bin Khattab introduced significant institutional changes through the separation of judicial and executive functions and the appointment of independent judges (qadhi). Under Uthman and Ali, these developments continued through the strengthening of procedural justice and judicial integrity. Together, these changes established foundational principles of legal supremacy, consultation (shura), and judicial independence. The study concludes that the Khulafa al-Rashidin era provided an enduring institutional and ethical foundation for Islamic judicial governance. Its implications for contemporary judicial management lie in the historical grounding of judicial independence, procedural justice, and judicial integrity as principles for strengthening Islamic legal institutions.
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