Abstract
In the digital era, Learning Management System is widely used to spread information in higher education, particularly at the university level. There are, however, issues with the Learning Management System's accessibility for users with disabilities. This research aims to investigate the accessibility issues of learning management websites of 30 universities in Indonesia. The top 30 universities in Indonesia according to Webometrics 2022 are the basis for this study. Accessibility issues will be identified and examined using the Wave evaluation tool which is in accordance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 used by ISO 40500. Web Content Accessibility Guideline 2.1 has principles that any web should follow: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust. Based on the research findings, The low contrast ratio between text and background, the absence of text explanations in the images, the lack of descriptive text on the links, the absence of text labels on the form, and the absence of text description on the button were the most frequently encountered accessibility issues.
References
E. Sujatmoko, “Hak Warga Negara Dalam Memperoleh Pendidikan,” J. Konstitusi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 181–211, 2010, [Online]. Available: https://jurnalkonstitusi.mkri.id/index.php/jk/article/view/208.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. .
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. .
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 Tentang Penyandang Disabilitas. .
Kemendikbud, “Pendataan Siswa Penyandang Disabilitas,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2019/11/panduan-pendataan-siswa-penyandang-disabilitas-di-sekolah-inklusif.
L. Kendall, "Higher education and disability: Exploring student experiences," Cogent Educ., vol. 3, no. 1, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2016.1256142.
A. Soleh, “Kebijakan Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Yogyakarta Terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas,” J. Pendidik. Islam, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 1, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2014.31.1-30.
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia Nomor 70 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pendidikan Inklusif Bagi Peserta Didik Yang Memiliki Kelainan dan Memiliki Potensi Kecerdasan Dan/Atau Bakat Istimewa. .
K. Ramanna, A. Kumar, S. Ravi, and S. K. Srivatsa, "Effective e-learning approach for Students with Learning Disabilities," Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 1–5, 2011, DOI: ISSN 2229-5518.
L. Moreno, A. Iglesias, and S. Delgado, “Disability Standards and Guidelines for Learning Management Systems: Evaluating Accessibility,” in Higher Education Institutions and Learning Management Systems : Adoption and Standardization, no. January, L. Johnston, Ed. IGI Global, 2011.
T. T. Wicaksono, I. Kusumawardhani, and K. A. Sasdiyarto, "Optimization of Digital Technology to Create Accessible Learning in Universities," in 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Education for All, 2018, vol. 272, pp. 133–136, DOI: 10.2991/indoeduc-18.2018.35.
A. Bocevska, S. Savoska, B. Ristevski, and N. BlazheskaTabakovska, “Analysis of Accessibility of the e-Learning Platforms According to the WCAG 2.0 Standard Compliance,” in International Conference on Applied Internet and Information Technologies, 2018, no. October, pp. 26–31, doi: 10.20544/aiit2018.p06.
T. Acosta and S. Luján-Mora, “Comparison from The Levels of Accessibility on LMS Platforms That Supports The Online Learning System,” in International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 2016, vol. 1, no. July, pp. 2704–2711, DOI: 10.21125/edulearn.2016.1579.
B. A. Shawar, "Evaluating Web Accessibility of Educational Websites," Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4–10, 2015, DOI: 10.3991/ijet.v10i4.4518.
P. Windriyani, R. Ferdiana, and W. Najib, “Accessibility evaluation using WCAG 2.0 guidelines webometrics based assessment criteria (case research: Sebelas Maret University)," in 2014 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS), 2014, pp. 305–311, DOI: 10.1109/ICTSS.2014.7013192.
M. Akram and R. B. Sulaiman, "A Systematic Literature Review to Determine the Web Accessibility Issues in Saudi Arabian University and Government Websites for Disable People," Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 8, no. 6, 2017, DOI: 10.14569/ijacsa.2017.080642.
"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1." https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/ (accessed Dec 15, 2021).
“Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0.” https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM (accessed May 19, 2022).
N. Karkin and M. Janssen, “Evaluating websites from a public value perspective: A review of Turkish local government websites,” Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 351–363, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.11.004.
"ISO - ISO/IEC 40500:2012 - Information technology — W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0." https://www.iso.org/standard/58625.html (accessed Jul 19, 2022).
P. Acosta-Vargas, T. Acosta, and S. Lujan-Mora, “Challenges to Assess Accessibility in Higher Education Websites: A Comparative Research of Latin America Universities," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 36500–36508, 2018, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2848978.
"IT Accessibility Laws and Policies | Section508.gov." https://www.section508.gov/manage/laws-and-policies/ (accessed Jul 19, 2022).
"Browser Market Share Worldwide," 2022. https://gs.statcounter.com/ (accessed Jul 10, 2022).
"Indonesia | Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions." https://www.webometrics.info/en/asia/indonesia (accessed Mar 01, 2022).
“LMS Perguruan Tinggi & LLDIKTI.” https://spada.kemdikbud.go.id/course/lmspt.php (accessed Mar. 22, 2022).
A. Ismail and K. S. Kuppusamy, “Accessibility of Indian universities’ homepages: An exploratory research," J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 30, pp. 268–278, 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.06.006.
K. A. Harper and J. Dewaters, "A Quest for Website Accessibility in Higher Education Institutions," in The Internet and Higher Education, 2008, vol. 11, no. 3–4, pp. 160–164, DOI: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.007.
"Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools List." https://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/tools/ (accessed Jun 16, 2021).
"WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool." https://wave.webaim.org/ (accessed Apr 07, 2022).
D. Fithriyaningrum, S. S. Kusumawardhani, and S. Wibirama, “Analisis Aksesibilitas Website berdasarkan Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): Ulasan Literatur Sistematis,” J. IPTEK-KOM, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 79–92, 2021, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.33169/iptekkom.23.1.2021.79-92.
“WAVE Browser Extensions.” [Online]. Available: https://wave.webaim.org/extension/.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.