Unveiling The Nexus Between Zakat Distribution and Islamic Human Development Index: Implications for Poverty Reduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/jmes.2025.041-07Keywords:
Zakat Distribution, Islamic Human Develoment Index, Poverty, PVECMAbstract
This study analyzes the interaction between zakat distribution and the Islamic Human Development Index (I-HDI) on the poverty rate in North Sumatra. The problem addressed in this research is the limited empirical evidence explaining how zakat and human development jointly influence poverty reduction in Muslim-majority regions. Fourteen districts/cities with complete annual data for the four-year period 2019–2022 were selected, producing panel data observations. This study employs the Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM), which is suitable for analyzing causality, interdependence, and adjustment processes within non-stationary panel data. The results show that zakat distribution contributes to reducing poverty, although its effect becomes meaningful only after several periods when the adjustment process converges toward a consistent long-term pattern. Meanwhile, the I-HDI demonstrates a stronger and more persistent influence on poverty reduction, with its impact increasing until it reaches a stable long-run trajectory. The findings also indicate that zakat positively supports improvements in I-HDI, especially in later periods of the analysis. This study highlights the need to improve the efficiency and targeting of zakat distribution and to strengthen collaboration between zakat institutions and government development programs. The novelty of this research lies in the use of the I-HDI, an index based on maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah that integrates spiritual, educational, health, and socioeconomic dimensions, offering a more contextual and holistic measure of human development compared to the conventional HDI.
Downloads
Abstract viewed: 3 times
|
PDF downloaded = 4 times
References
Abdullah, N., & Saad, N. (2014). Is Zakat Capable of Alleviating Poverty ? : An Analysis on the Distribution of Zakat Fund in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Economics Banking and Finance, 10(1), 69–95. https://doi.org/10.12816/0025698
Abdullah, R. S., & Nasirin, W. K. (2022). Types of Linkages Between Islamic Bank Financing and Economic Growth Factors: Evidence Aceh Province. Al-Bay’ : Journal of Sharia Economic and Business, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.24952/bay.v1i2.6001
Agussalim, A., Nursini, N., Suhab, S., Kurniawan, R., Samir, S., & Tawakkal, T. (2024). The Path to Poverty Reduction: How Do Economic Growth and Fiscal Policy Influence Poverty Through Inequality in Indonesia? Economies, 12(12), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12120316
Ahmed, B. O., Johari, F., & Abdul Wahab, K. (2017). Identifying the poor and the needy among the beneficiaries of zakat: Need for a zakat-based poverty threshold in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(4), 446–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-09-2015-0234
Alam, K. (2017). Poverty reduction through enabling factors. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 14(4), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJSTSD-07-2016-0049
Almas, B. (2016). Zakat Dan Pajak: Keadilan Redistribusi Perspektif Islam. JIMFEB Universitas Brawijaya, 3(2).
Arbi, D. S., Satyadharma, J. F., & Hidayat, I. (2024). The Impact Distribution of Zakat in Alleviating Poverty During COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Indonesia. Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, 16(1), Article 1. https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/iqtishad/article/view/35678
Aziz, M., & Sholikah, S. (2015). Regulasi Zakat di Indonesia; Upaya Menuju Pengelolaan Zakat Profesional. Tafáqquh: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman, 3(1), 33–59. https://doi.org/10.52431/tafaqquh.v3i1.38
Baah, S. K. T., Jolliffee, D. M., Lakner, C., & Mahler, D. G. (2022). Updating the World Bank’s Societal Poverty Line with the 2017 Purchasing Power Parities. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/updating-world-banks-societal-poverty-line-2017-purchasing-power-parities
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2024). Penghitungan dan Analisis Kemiskinan Makro di Indonesia Tahun 2024 [Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia]. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/11/29/31e54c0717742a2dc13300e4/penghitungan-dan-analisis-kemiskinan-makro-di-indonesia-tahun-2024.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera. (2024). Persentase Penduduk Miskin Menurut Kab/Kota—Tabel Statistik. https://sumut.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NzMjMg==/persentase-penduduk-miskin-menurut-kab-kota.html
Cahyani, U. E., Aviva, I. Y., & Manilet, A. (2019). Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Intensi Muzakki Dalam Membayar Zakat Di Lembaga. TAZKIR: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Dan Keislaman, 5(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.24952/tazkir.v5i1.1331
Chansanam, W., & Li, C. (2022). Scientometrics of Poverty Research for Sustainability Development: Trend Analysis of the 1964–2022 Data through Scopus. Sustainability, 14(9), 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095339
D’Attoma, I., & Matteucci, M. (2024). Multidimensional poverty: An analysis of definitions, measurement tools, applications and their evolution over time through a systematic review of the literature up to 2019. Quality & Quantity, 58(4), 3171–3213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-023-01792-8
Fitrowati, Z., Yuliana, I., Supriyanto, A. S., & Suprayitno, E. (2022). Allocation Of Zakat Fund As A Moderating Variable Of The Impact Of Human Development Index And Economic Growth On Poverty In Indonesia. INCOILS, 1(7).
H., A. (2004). Role of Zakat and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation.
Jones, S., & Tvedten, I. (2019). What does it mean to be poor? Investigating the qualitative-quantitative divide in Mozambique. World Development, 117, 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.005
Kadir, S., Abubakar, A., Haddade, H., Ihsan, A., & Nur, A. (2022). Political stability, macro economics, and Islamic human development index (I-HDI) in OIC countries. Jurnal Syarikah, 8(2), 245–253.
Katz, M. B., & Katz, M. B. (2013). The Undeserving Poor: America’s Enduring Confrontation with Poverty: Fully Updated and Revised (Second Edition, Second Edition). Oxford University Press.
Kusnandar, V. B. (2022, March 9). Mayoritas Penduduk Sumatera Utara Beragama Islam pada 2021. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/09/mayoritas-penduduk-sumatera-utara-beragama-islam-pada-2021
Leiwakabessy, E., & Payapo, R. W. (2022). The Dynamic Link of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Poverty in Eastern Indonesia: Panel VECM and FMOLS Approach. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12626
Lister, R. (2021). Poverty. John Wiley & Sons.
Maisyarah, A., & Hamzah, M. Z. (2024). Zakat Distribution Management: A Systematic Literature Review. Suhuf: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 36(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.23917/suhuf.v36i1.4357
Martaliah, N., Anita, E., Rahman, F., & Naufal Ramli, L. (2023). Pengaruh Penyaluran Dana Zakat dan IPM Terhadap Kemiskinan Provinsi Jambi Tahun 2010-2021. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Economics and Business, 8(2), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.30631/ijoieb.v8i2.1983
Murniati, R., & Beik, I. S. (2014). Pengaruh Zakat terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia dan Tingkat Kemiskinan Mustahik: Studi Kasus Pendayagunaan BAZNAS Kota Bogor. Al-Muzara’ah, 2(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.29244/jam.2.2.135-149
Nafi’, M. A. Y. (2020). Analisa Efektivitas Penyaluran Zakat BAZNAS Kabupaten Kudus. ZISWAF: Jurnal Zakat Dan Wakaf, 7(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.21043/ziswaf.v7i2.8647
Nisa, K., & Hasibuan, R. R. A. (2022). Analisis Efektivitas Penyaluran Dana Zakat pada Laznas Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia Sumatera Utara. El-Mujtama: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(3), 232–241. https://doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v2i3.1283
Rukiah. (2019). Analisis Kontribusi dan Interaksi Antara Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Kebijakan Fiskal dan Demografi Terhadap Islamic Human Development Index (I-HDI) Pada Provinsi—Provinsi di Indonesia [Disertasi]. Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara.
Sabri, Aimon, H., & Amar, S. (2024). Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: The Roles of Investment, Inflation, Income Inequality, Fossil Consumption, and Poverty. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 19(5), 1941–1946. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.190532
Shah Shirazi, N. (2014). Integrating Zakāt and Waqf into the Poverty Reduction Strategy of the IDB Member Countries. Islamic Economic Studies, 22–1, 79–108.
Shirazi, N., Isa, M. M., Kareem, M. A. A., & Shah, M. E. (2023). Islamic Human Development Index (i-HDI) and Poverty Reduction in OIC Countries. Journal of Islamic Economics, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.4197/Islec.36-1.4
Sijabat, R. (2024). Impact of economic growth, village funds, and poverty on human development in Indonesia: An analytical study from 2015 to 2022. International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES, 11(3), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.03.023
Suprayitno, E., Aslam, M., & Harun, A. (2017). Zakat and SDGs: Impact Zakat on Human Development in the Five States of Malaysia. International Journal of Zakat, 2(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v2i1.15
Syafii, M., Hawariyuni, W., Rahman, A., & Hakim, S. H. (2021). The Role of Zakat in North Sumatra Province in Allevating the Poor. JKBM (Jurnal Konsep Bisnis dan Manajemen), 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31289/jkbm.v8i1.4996
Tamimi, K., Imsar, & Syarbaini, A. M. B. (2023). Analisis interaksi dan kontribusi zakat, infaq, sedekah (ZIS) dan Islamic human development index (I-HDI) terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. INOVASI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan Dan Manajemen, 19(3), 678–688.
Viollani, K. A., Siswanto, S., & Suprayitno, E. (2022). Pengaruh islamic human development index dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan dengan pengangguran sebagai variabel intervening. Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v4i11.1855
Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
Wurarah, R. N., Sangadji, M., & Awom, S. B. (2025). Poverty reduction and digitalization in Indonesia: The conditional role of human capital and economic growth in an underdeveloped province. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 13(3), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.55493/5009.v13i3.5577
This work is licensed under a 