When Tolerance Is Counted: The 90/60 Rule and the Governance of Houses of Worship in Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.14421/xqhv6870
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Abstract
The regulation of houses of worship under the Joint Regulation of the Minister of Religious Affairs and the Minister of Home Affairs (PBM) No. 9 and 8 of 2006 continues to generate problems because the 90/60 requirement is applied uniformly across communities with diverse religious compositions and social relations. This study aims to examine the socio-epistemological foundations of the 90/60 rule and the institutional power of the Forum for Religious Harmony (FKUB) in governing the establishment of houses of worship and religious practices in Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative-interpretive design through systematic document analysis of PBM Nos. 9 and 8 of 2006, historical documents concerning its formulation, evaluation reports, and empirical studies on conflicts over houses of worship and the role of the FKUB. The findings show that the 90/60 requirement emerged from political and institutional compromise without adequate scientific or demographic justification and was subsequently institutionalized as a uniform administrative standard. Its implementation may overlook local diversity, widen social distance, and strengthen the influence of majority groups over minority access to houses of worship. The study also finds that the FKUB occupies a strategic position in mediating these relations. The implication of this study is the need for a more contextual, rights-based, and socially responsive governance of houses of worship, alongside the repositioning of the FKUB as a deliberative forum that actively safeguards freedom and comfort in worship.
Pengaturan pendirian rumah ibadah melalui Peraturan Bersama Menteri Agama dan Menteri Dalam Negeri (PBM) No. 9 dan 8 Tahun 2006 masih menimbulkan persoalan karena persyaratan 90/60 diterapkan secara seragam dalam masyarakat dengan komposisi keagamaan dan relasi sosial yang beragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dasar sosio-epistemologis pembentukan aturan 90/60 serta kekuasaan institusional Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama (FKUB) dalam pengelolaan pendirian rumah ibadah dan praktik keagamaan di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan desain kualitatif-interpretatif melalui analisis dokumen sistematis terhadap PBM No. 9 dan 8 Tahun 2006, dokumen historis pembentukannya, laporan evaluasi, serta studi empiris mengenai konflik rumah ibadah dan peran FKUB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketentuan 90/60 lahir dari kompromi politik dan institusional tanpa dukungan kajian ilmiah atau demografis yang memadai, kemudian terlembagakan sebagai standar administratif yang seragam. Penerapannya berpotensi mengabaikan keragaman konteks lokal, memperlebar jarak sosial, dan memperkuat pengaruh kelompok mayoritas terhadap akses kelompok minoritas pada rumah ibadah. Penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa FKUB menempati posisi strategis dalam memediasi relasi tersebut. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah perlunya tata kelola rumah ibadah yang lebih kontekstual, berbasis hak, dan responsif terhadap keragaman sosial, serta reposisi FKUB sebagai forum deliberatif yang aktif menjamin kebebasan dan kenyamanan beribadah.
Keywords:
Houses of Worship, 90/60 Rule, FKUB, Religious Tolerance, MulticulturalismReferences:
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