Potensi Pendidikan Interreligius Meminimalkan Hate Speech di Media Sosial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/panangkaran.v8i1.3786Keywords:
hate speech, interreligious education, political, religion, social mediaAbstract
Social media provides benefits for users to express language, but it can also be misused to express hatred, or what is called hate speech. It turns out that certain social media users also carry out hate speech regarding political campaigns in Indonesia. To prevent competitors from winning, certain supporters carry out strategies in the form of hate speech. Of course, hate speech is part of what disrupts the order of human life in the Indonesian context. Therefore, hate speech should be minimized based on the role of education, specifically interreligious education. This is religious education with an interreligious approach from collaborative efforts of religions that emphasize ethics. This research aims to analyze the potential of interreligious education in minimizing hate speech on social media. This research used a qualitative method by utilizing previous research and observing user’s behavior in social media content. We discovered that interreligious education has the potential as a collaborative approach in minimizing hate speech and maximizing love speech, as well as rethinking the function of social media. Essentially, interreligious education with its many settings, including in school and virtual space, supports the implementation of religious moderation. Social media users and religious communities are given the education to prioritize virtues and communicate in an informative, persuasive, and charitable way.
[Media sosial memang menyediakan manfaat bagi para pengguna untuk mengekspresikan bahasa, tetapi juga bisa disalahgunakan dengan maksud mengujarkan kebencian atau yang disebut dengan hate speech. Ternyata, para pengguna media sosial tertentu turut melakukan hate speech terkait kampanye politik di Indonesia. Untuk mencegah pesaing dapat menang, pendukung tertentu melakukan strategi dalam bentuk hate speech. Tentu saja, hate speech merupakan bagian yang mengganggu tatanan kehidupan manusia dalam konteks Indonesia. Maka dari itu, hate speech seyogianya diminimalkan berdasarkan peran pendidikan, secara khusus pendidikan interreligius. Ini adalah pendidikan agama dengan pendekatan interreligius dari usaha kolaborasi agama-agama yang menekankan etika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi pendidikan interreligius dalam meminimalkan hate speech di media sosial. Penelitian ini memakai metode kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan penelitian terdahulu dan observasi terhadap perilaku pengguna dalam konten media sosial. Peneliti menemukan bahwa pendidikan interreligius memiliki potensi sebagai pendekatan kolaboratif yang berperan meminimalkan hate speech dan memaksimalkan love speech, serta memikirkan kembali fungsi media sosial. Secara esensial, pendidikan interreligius dengan setting yang bervariasi, seperti di sekolah dan dunia virtual, mendukung pelaksanaan moderasi beragama. Para pengguna media sosial dan umat beragama diberi edukasi untuk mengedepankan kebajikan dan berkomunikasi yang informatif, persuasif, dan karitatif.]
Downloads
References
Afifuddin, & Ishak, I. H. (2020). Inclusive Religion Education In Building Tolerance From School. Journal of Research and Multidisciplinary, 3(2), 337–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/jrm.v3i2.40
Ali, N., Afwadzi, B., Abdullah, I., & Mukmin, M. I. (2021). Interreligious Literacy Learning as a Counter-Radicalization Method: A New Trend among Institutions of Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 32(4), 383–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2021.1996978
Alkhajar, E. N. S., Wijaya, S. H. B., Yudiningrum, F. R., Luthfia, A. R., Pawito, & Arifin, H. (2023). PENDIDIKAN LITERASI MEDIA TENTANG UJARAN KEBENCIAN DI KALANGAN ORMAS PEREMPUAN. Jurnal Penamas Adi Buana, 6(2), 78–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36456/penamas.vol6.no02.a6355
Alkiviadou, N. (2019). Hate speech on social media networks: Towards a regulatory framework? Information and Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1494417
Amin, M. (2020). Merebaknya Intoleransi (Hate Speech dan Hate Crime) dalam Politik Indonesia. Madani: Jurnal Politik dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 12(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52166/madani.v12i1.1902
Ash-Shidiq, M. A., & Pratama, A. R. (2021). Ujaran Kebencian Di Kalangan Pengguna Media Sosial Di Indonesia: Agama Dan Pandangan Politik. Automata, 2(1). Diambil dari https://journal.uii.ac.id/AUTOMATA/article/view/17286
Atmadja, N. B., & Ariyani, L. P. S. (2018). Sosiologi Media: Perspektif Teori Kritis. Rajawali Pers.
Bakri, S., Zulhazmi, A. Z., & Laksono, K. (2019). Menanggulangi Hoaks dan Ujaran Kebencian Bermuatan Isu Suku, Agama, Ras, dan Antargolongan di Tahun Politik. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 4(2), 199–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22515/balagh.v4i2.1833
Bauchspies, W. K., Croissant, J., & Restivo, S. (2006). Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Approach. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Berling, J. (2020). Finding our way: Issues and challenges in interreligious teaching and learning. Teaching Theology and Religion, 23(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/teth.12526
Berling, J. A. (2004). Understanding Other Religious Worlds: A Guide for Interreligious Education. New York: Orbis Books.
Berling, J. A. (2018). Concluding Reflections. In J. E. S. Park & E. S. Wu (Ed.), Interreligous Pedagogy: Reflections and Applications in Honor of Judith A. Berling (hal. 125–130). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Burhanuddin, H., & Khumain, F. (2021). Memperkuat Paham Moderasi Beragama dalam Menangkal Narasi Kebencian di Media Sosial. TA’ALLUM: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 9(2), 388–416.
Campbell, R., Martin, C. R., & Fabos, B. (2012). Media & Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication (8th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Chetty, N., & Alathur, S. (2018). Hate Speech Review in the Context of Online Social Networks. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 40, 108–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.003
Chigbu, U. E., Atiku, S. O., & Du Plessis, C. C. (2023). The Science of Literature Reviews: Searching, Identifying, Selecting, and Synthesising. Publications, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications11010002
Crawford, K., & Gillespie, T. (2016). What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint. New Media and Society, 18(3), 410–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814543163
Daft, R. L. (2021). Organization: Theory & Design (13th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Daimah. (2022). Interreligious Education: Development of Religious Moderation in The Education Sector. Majalah Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Pemikiran Keagamaan TAJDID, 25(2), 84–96.
Dubey, U. K. B., & Kothari, D. P. (2022). Research Methodology: Techniques and Trends. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Ehrenkranz, J. H., & Coppola, D. L. (2010). Toward a Theoretical Framework for Participating in Interreligious Dialogue and Education. In K. Engebretson, M. de Souza, G. Durka, & L. Gearon (Ed.), International Handbook of Inter-religious Education (hal. 85–101). Dordrecht: Springer.
Elias, J. L. (2010). Philosophical Reflections on Dialogue. In K. Engebretson, M. de Souza, G. Durka, & L. Gearon (Ed.), International Handbook of Inter-religious Education (hal. 57–72). Dordrecht: Springer.
Fatimah, S. (2018). Kampanye sebagai Komunikasi Politik: Esensi dan Strategi dalam Pemilu. Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik, 1(1), Resolusi J. Sos. Polit. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32699/resolusi.v1i1.154
Fredrickson-Laouini, K. (2021). Awakening Christian Discipleship: Gleanings from an Experiment in Interreligious Education. Religions, 12(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12020075
Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: SAGE Publications.
Fuqoha, F., Anggraini, A. P., & Apipah, N. D. (2019). Peningkatan Digital Literasi Terhadap Ujaran Kebencian di Media Sosial Melalui Program “Room of Law” Bagi Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Kota Serang. Bantenese: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 1(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30656/ps2pm.v1i1.1050
Gelber, K. (2017). Hate Speech—Definitions & Empirical Evidence. Constitutional Commentary, 32(3), 619–629.
Gorenc, N. (2022). Hate speech or free speech: an ethical dilemma? International Review of Sociology, 32(3), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2133406
Hallberg, P., & Virkkunen, J. (2017). Freedom of Speech and Information in Global Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ibrahim, I. S., & Iriantara, Y. (2017). Komunikasi yang Mengubah Dunia: Revolusi dari Aksara hingga Media Sosial. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
Irawan. (2018). Hate Speech di Indonesia: Bahaya dan Solusi. Mawa’izh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan, 9(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32923/maw.v9i1.712
Kirana, Z. C. (2020). Pendidikan Interreligius Berbasis Pancasila Sebagai Acuan Melawan Stigma Menguatnya Radikalisme. MOMENTUM: Jurnal Sosial dan Keagamaan, 9(1).
Lähnemann, J. (2017). Interreligious Education. In D. R. Wielzen & I. Ter Avest (Ed.), Interfaith Education for All: Theoretical Perspectives and Best Practices for Transformative Action. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Lauterboom, M. (2019). Dekolonialisasi Pendidikan Agama Kristen di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Theology, 7(1), 88–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46567/ijt.v7i1.8
Lee, J. C. (2019). Beyond Essentialist Interreligious Education: Insights with a Whiteheadian Perspective of Multiplicity. Religions, 10(7), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070404
Lim, M. (2017). Freedom to Hate: Social Media, Algorithmic Enclaves, and the Rise of Tribal Nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411–427. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188
Mahur, Y., Riyanto, Y., & Roesminingsih, E. (2019). Paulo Freire: Critical, Humanist and Liberating Education (Critical Reflections on Indonesian Education). International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(8), 873–877. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i8.2242
Meikle, G. (2016). Social Media: Communication, Sharing, and Visibility. New York: Routledge.
Modha, S., Majumder, P., Mandl, T., & Mandalia, C. (2020). Detecting and visualizing hate speech in social media: A cyber Watchdog for surveillance. Expert Systems with Applications, 161, 113725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113725
Mokotso, R. I. (2024). Advancing interreligious education through the principles of SeMoshoeshoe. Theologia Viatorum, 48(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/tv.v48i1.215
Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Field Experiments on Social Media. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31(1), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211054761
Moyaert, M. (2018). On the Role of Ritual in Interfaith Education. Religious Education, 113(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2017.1383869
Muannas, & Mansyur, M. (2020). Model Literasi Digital untuk Melawan Ujaran Kebencian di Media Sosial. Jurnal IPTEK-KOM (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Komunikasi), 22(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17933/iptekkom.22.2.2020.125-142
Muthoharoh. (2023). Interreligious Dialogue As a Representation of Transformative Tolerance Education. Penamas, 36(1), 58–81. https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v36i1.651
Nasrullah, R. (2015). Media Sosial: Perspektif Komunikasi, Budaya, dan Sosioteknologi. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
Nolan, L. A. (2010). With Beating Hearts and Earnest Purpose: The Heritage of theWomen Delegates’ Speeches to theWorld’s Parliament of Religions. In K. Engebretson, M. de Souza, G. Durka, & L. Gearon (Ed.), International Handbooks of Religion and Education 4: International Handbook of Inter-religious Education. London: Springer.
Nole, O. A., & Serdianus. (2023). Pendidikan Interreligius Berbasis Moderasi Beragama untuk Membentuk Karakter Bangsa. MELO: Jurnal Studi Agama-agama, 3(2), 90–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34307/mjsaa.v3i2.140
Ozele, A. M. (2010). Envisioning Family Ecosystems Perspective for Interreligious Education: A Christian View. In K. Engebretson, M. de Souza, G. Durka, & L. Gearon (Ed.), International Handbook of Inter-religious Education (hal. 249–263). Dordrecht: Springer.
Park, J. E. S., & Wu, E. S. (2018). Introduction. In J. E. S. Park & E. S. Wu (Ed.), Interreligous Pedagogy: Reflections and Applications in Honor of Judith A. Berling. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Perdana, A. P. (2019). Lawan ”Hate Speech” dengan ”Love Speech”. Kompas.id. Diambil dari https://www.kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/03/26/lawan-hate-speech-dengan-love-speech
Pereira-Kohatsu, J. C., Quijano-Sánchez, L., Liberatore, F., & Camacho-Collados, M. (2019). Detecting and Monitoring Hate Speech in Twitter. Sensors, 19(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214654
Pereira, S., Moura, P., & Fillol, J. (2018). The Youtubers Phenomenon: What Makes Youtube Stars So Popular For Young People? Fonseca, Journal of Communication, 17(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc201817107123 THE
Popenoe, R., Langius-Eklöf, A., Stenwall, E., & Jervaeus, A. (2021). A practical guide to data analysis in general literature reviews. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, 41(4), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057158521991949
Pratiwi, V. L. (2023). Peran Sosiologi Hukum pada Penegakan Hukum Pelaku Ujaran Kebencian di Media Sosial: Sebuah Literature Review. AKSELERASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional, 5(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54783/jin.v5i1.675
Rothgangel, M. (2016). Interreligious education in the context of social psychology research on attitudes and prejudice. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 72(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3297
Salim, A. (2022). Mainstreaming Interfaith Education: Countering Radicalism by The Innovation of Model Interfidei Schools. Edukasi: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan, 20(3), 252–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v20i3.1156
Schirch, L. (2021). The Techtonic Shift: How Social Media Works. In L. Schirch (Ed.), Social Media Impacts on Conflict and Democracy: The Techtonic Shift (hal. 1–20). Abingdon: Routledge.
Simanjuntak, B. A., & Sosrodihardjo, S. (2014). Metode Penelitian Sosial (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Sinaga, L. V. (2019). Tinjauan Sosial dalam Pencegahan Ujaran Kebencian dalam Media Sosial pada Pemilihan Presiden tahun 2019. JURNAL RECTUM: Tinjauan Yuridis Penanganan Tindak Pidana, 1(1), 10–17.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Sorabji, R. (2021). Freedom of Speech and Expression: Its History, Its Value, Its Good Use, and Its Misuse. New York: Oxford University Press.
Standage, T. (2014). Writing on the Wall: The Intriguing History of Social Media, from Ancient Rome to the Present Day. London: Bloomsbury.
Stay, J. (2021). TikTok for Dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Tahir, I., & Ramadhan, M. G. F. (2024). Hate Speech on Social Media: Indonesian Netizens’ Hate Comments of Presidential Talk Shows on Youtube. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Learning, 27(1), 230–251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v27i1.8180
Utami, W. W., & Darmaiza. (2020). Hate Speech, Agama, dan Kontestasi Politik di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Religion and Society, 2(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36256/ijrs.v2i2.108
Wahid, U. (2016). Komunikasi Politik: Teori, Konsep, dan Aplikasi pada Era Media Baru. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
Wanniarachchi, V. U., Scogings, C., Susnjak, T., & Mathrani, A. (2023). Hate Speech Patterns in Social Media: A Methodological Framework and Fat Stigma Investigation Incorporating Sentiment Analysis, Topic Modelling and Discourse Analysis. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 27, 1–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v27i0.3929
Wibowo, E. N. (2020). Model Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Multikultural dalam Menghadapi Ujaran Kebencian (Studi Prodi PAI Pascasarjana IAIN Surakarta). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Raushan Fikr, 9(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/jimrf.v9i2.4145
Windisch, S., Wiedlitzka, S., Olaghere, A., & Jenaway, E. (2022). Online interventions for reducing hate speech and cyberhate: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1243
Zamri, N. A. K., Mohamad Nasir, N. N. A., Hassim, M. N., & Ramli, S. M. (2023). Digital hate speech and othering: The construction of hate speech from Malaysian perspectives. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2229089
Zemmrich, E. (2020). Making Sense of Shifts in Perspectives: Perceiving and Framing Examples of Interreligious Learning in Indonesia. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 31(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1782096
Zuhri, A. M. (2021). Membangun Perdamaian Lintas Iman Melalui Pendekatan Interreligius Dalam Pendidikan Islam: Belajar Dari Pesantren Soko Tunggal. Kuttab: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Islam Prodi, 5(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30736/ktb.v5i1.1702.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Otniel Aurelius Nole, Mariska Lauterboom
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
JURNAL PANANGKARAN disebarluaskan dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerrivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract Viewed = 150 times
|
PDF downloaded = 102 times
