Vulnerability and Legal Protection of Indonesian Women Migrant Workers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2025.18203Keywords:
Indonesian women migrant workers, legal protection, migrant worker rights, vulnarability, gender and migrationAbstract
International labor migration has become an important livelihood strategy for many Indonesians in response to limited domestic employment opportunities and persistent economic pressures. Nevertheless, Indonesian women migrant workers remain highly vulnerable to human rights violations, unsafe working conditions, and social insecurity, particularly in the domestic, construction, and manufacturing sectors. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of protection programs for Indonesian women migrant workers by drawing lessons from Southeast Asian experiences, with specific attention to socio-demographic characteristics, economic drivers, and placement channels that shape migration patterns. The research employs a qualitative normative and socio-legal approach, combining regulatory analysis, policy review, and secondary data from relevant institutional reports and academic literature. The findings indicate that low educational attainment, limited employment opportunities in regions of origin, and reliance on informal placement networks significantly increase workers’ exposure to exploitation and rights abuses. Government protection programs implemented at the pre-departure, placement, and post-return stages demonstrate substantial potential to reduce these risks when executed in a consistent and coordinated manner. Pre-departure training enhances legal awareness and work readiness, consular and protection services contribute to case handling in destination countries, and reintegration programs support social and economic recovery upon return. However, the overall effectiveness of these measures remains constrained by weak supervision of recruitment agencies, uneven training quality, and limited protection access for domestic workers. The study concludes that strengthening formal placement channels, improving migration literacy, and enforcing stricter oversight are essential to achieving safe, dignified, and sustainable labor migration for Indonesian women migrant workers.
References
Abu Alrob, Zainab, and John Shields. “A COVID-19 State of Exception and the Bordering of Canada’s Immigration System: Assessing the Uneven Impacts on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrant Workers.” Studies in Social Justice 16, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 54–77. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2691.
Adhikari, Santosh, and Joanna Vince. “Leveraging Labor Migration and Migrant Remittances in Nepal.” In Environmental Migration in the Face of Emerging Risks, 77–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29529-4_5.
Akbar, Marshia. “Who Are Canada’s Temporary Foreign Workers? Policy Evolution and a Pandemic Reality.” International Migration 60, no. 4 (August 4, 2022): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12976.
Aktas, Emine, Barbara Bergbom, Lode Godderis, Bertina Kreshpaj, Mario Marinov, Dana Mates, Damien M. McElvenny, et al. “Migrant Workers Occupational Health Research: An OMEGA-NET Working Group Position Paper.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 95, no. 4 (May 18, 2022): 765–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01803-x.
Anderson, Bridget, Upasana Khadka, and Martin Ruhs. “Demand for Migrant Workers: Institutional System Effects beyond National Borders.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50, no. 5 (March 15, 2024): 1202–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279741.
Ansar, Anas. “Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Revisiting Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in South–South Labour Migration.” Global Networks 23, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12368.
Antwi, Andrea A., Michael W. Ross, and Christine Markham. “Occupational Health and Safety among Female Commercial Sex Workers in Ghana: A Qualitative Study.” Sexes 4, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 26–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes4010003.
Artaria, Myrtati Dyah, Ike Herdiana, Sayf Muhammad Alaydrus, and Mein-Woei Suen. “Risk and Protective Factors of Indonesian Women Migrant Workers in Malaysia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2025): 1859–80. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v13i3.1728.
Auethavornpipat, Ruji, and Wayne Palmer. “Indonesia’s Promotion of UN Migrant Protection Norms in ASEAN.” Pacific Affairs 95, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 75–97. https://doi.org/10.5509/202295175.
Ayyubi, Muhammad Salahudin Al, Devanto Shasta Pratomo, Ferry Prasetyia, and Susilo. “Migrant Workers and Labor Market Recovery during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 12 (2025): 101715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101715.
BOGOESKI, VLADIMIR. “Continuities of Exploitation: Seasonal Migrant Workers in German Agriculture during the COVID‐19 Pandemic.” Journal of Law and Society 49, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 681–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12389.
Borras, Saturnino M., Jennifer C. Franco, Doi Ra, Tom Kramer, Mi Kamoon, Phwe Phyu, Khu Khu Ju, et al. “Rurally Rooted Cross-Border Migrant Workers from Myanmar, Covid-19, and Agrarian Movements.” Agriculture and Human Values 39, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 315–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10262-6.
Cazes, Sandrine, Sameer Khatiwada, and Miguel Angel Malo. “Employment Protection and Industrial Relations: Recent Trends and Labour Market Impact.” World of Work Report 2012, no. 1 (May 27, 2012): 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.4.
Charoensukmongkol, Peerayuth, and Tipnuch Phungsoonthorn. “The Effect of Cultural Intelligence of Top Management on Pro-Diversity Work Climate and Work Attitudes of Myanmar Migrant Workers in Thailand.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 41, no. 5 (June 13, 2022): 760–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-11-2020-0339.
Cirella, Giuseppe T. “Human Geographies in Action: Insights into Migration, Development, Culture, and Sustainability.” Sustainability 16, no. 22 (November 15, 2024): 9955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229955.
Dadan, Sulyana, Tyas Retno Wulan, Muslihudin, and Erwin Sunaryo. “Revitalizing the Role of Primordial Communities Overseas to Strengthen the Cultural Resilience of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Hong Kong.” Multidisciplinary Science Journal 8, no. 3 (August 21, 2025): 2026141. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026141.
Ding, Zhikun, Xinrui Wang, and Patrick X.W. Zou. “Barriers and Countermeasures of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Enterprises under Circular Economy.” Journal of Cleaner Production 420 (September 2023): 138235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138235.
Doorn, Niels van, Fabian Ferrari, and Mark Graham. “Migration and Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy: An Intervention.” Work, Employment and Society 37, no. 4 (August 5, 2023): 1099–1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170221096581.
Dowlah, Caf. “Cross-Border Labor Mobility in Current Century: Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking, and Migrant Labor.” In Cross-Border Labor Mobility, 373–429. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64257-9_9.
ElDidi, Hagar, Chloe van Biljon, Muzna Alvi, Claudia Ringler, Nazmun Ratna, Sawsan Abdulrahim, Patrick Kilby, Joyce Wu, and Zahid ul Arefin Choudhury. “Reducing Vulnerability to Forced Labour and Trafficking of Women Migrant Workers from South- to West-Asia.” Development in Practice 33, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 156–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2022.2059448.
Evagora-Campbell, Mireille, Aysha Zahidie, Kent Buse, Fauziah Rabbani, and Sarah Hawkes. “Promoting Labour Migrant Health Equity through Action on the Structural Determinants: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Migration and Health 5 (2022): 100082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100082.
Farida, Elfia. “Empowering Indonesian Migrant Workers.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2025): 122–46. https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v9i1.53034.
Ford, Michele. “Organizing the Unorganizable: Unions, NGOs, and Indonesian Migrant Labour.” International Migration 42, no. 5 (December 7, 2004): 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00303.x.
Garofalo Geymonat, Giulia, Sabrina Marchetti, and Letizia Palumbo. “Migrant Women Workers in Europe: Forms of Irregularity and Conditions of Vulnerability.” In Research Handbook on Irregular Migration, 215–26. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800377509.00028.
Ginting-Szczesny, Bernadetta Aloina, Ewald Kibler, and Ulla Hytti. “Pivoting the Self: Gendered Identity Construction of Impoverished Women Transitioning from Paid Work to Entrepreneurship in Rural Indonesia.” International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, December 26, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426251401174.
Grace Nevia, and Arsenius Wisnu Aji Patria Perkasa. “Strategies For Preventing Exploitation of Non-Procedural Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) Based On Routine Activity Theory.” Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 4, no. 4 (June 3, 2024): 625–34. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v4i4.411.
Guillot-Wright, Shannon, N. Miles Farr, and Ellie Cherryhomes. “A Community-Led Mobile Health Clinic to Improve Structural and Social Determinants of Health among (Im)Migrant Workers.” International Journal for Equity in Health 21, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01630-7.
Gunawan, Yordan, M. Fabian Akbar, and Eva Ferrer Corral. “Kafala v. Human Rights Migrant Workers at the 2022 Qatar World Cup.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2024): 571–98. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v9i2.2601.
Harry, Lucy, and Jocelyn Hutton. “A Permanent Maid Moratorium: The Death Penalty in The Middle East and Female Migrant Workers From Indonesia.” The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 64, no. 4 (December 11, 2025): 464–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12617.
Herdiana, Ike, Myrtati Dyah Artaria, Sayf Muhammad Alaydrus, and Mein-Woei Suen. “DRIVING FORCES OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION: A STUDY ON INDONESIAN PROSPECTIVE MIGRANT WORKERS.” Jurnal Biometrika Dan Kependudukan 14, no. 1 (July 29, 2025): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v14i1.2025.99-113.
Hidayah, Nur Putri. “Comparative Study of Legal Protection for Migrant Workers in Participation of Social Security Programs in Indonesia and Singapore.” Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 28, no. 1 (2020): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v28i1.11786.
High, W.A., and M.P. Hoang. “Lipedematous Alopecia: Could It Sometimes Be an Unusual Sequela of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus?” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 32, no. 1 (January 28, 2005): 92–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.320cr.x.
Hoo, Wong Chee, Sanmugam Annamalah, Selim Ahmed, and Ilham Sentosa. “Mapping Labour Migration’s Influence on Immigration, Refugee Policies, and Beyond.” Journal of Ecohumanism 4, no. 1 (2025): 1644–61. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v4i1.5983.
Huang, Lulu, Conghui Jiao, and Qiannan Liu. “Taxation and Entrepreneurship of Migrant Workers: Evidence from China.” China Agricultural Economic Review 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2025): 89–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-02-2024-0043.
Hussain, Rahat, Aqsa Sabir, Do-Yeop Lee, Syed Farhan Alam Zaidi, Akeem Pedro, Muhammad Sibtain Abbas, and Chansik Park. “Conversational AI-Based VR System to Improve Construction Safety Training of Migrant Workers.” Automation in Construction 160 (April 2024): 105315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105315.
Ibrahim, Maulana, Reja Dalimunthe, and Poppy Wulandari. “Indonesian Migrant Workers in the Framework of Legal Protection and Business Existence.” Priviet Social Sciences Journal 5, no. 7 (July 12, 2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v5i7.376.
Indradewi, Astrid Athina, and Yuni Priskila Ginting. “Legal Protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers in International Human Trafficking Syndicates.” UNES Law Review 6, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i4.1831.
Irawan, Armalia Berlinda, Rahayu Subekti, and Bobur Baxtishodovich Sobirov. “Legal Protection in Land Acquisition for Public Interest: A Dilemma Between State Regulation and Social Welfare.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 2, no. 2 (2024): 148–68. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i2.38.
Istiko, Satrio Nindyo, Jo Durham, and Lana Elliott. “(Not That) Essential: A Scoping Review of Migrant Workers’ Access to Health Services and Social Protection during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052981.
Jaelani, Abdul Kadir, and Resti Dian Luthviati. “The Crime Of Damage After the Constitutional Court ’ s Decision Number 76 / PUU-XV / 2017.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1, no. 1 (2021): 31–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v1i1.5.
Jensen, Jill. “The ILO World Employment Program Research Agenda on Development and Migration.” Global Social Policy 22, no. 2 (August 14, 2022): 263–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221079202.
Kadfak, Alin, Miriam Wilhelm, and Patrik Oskarsson. “Thai Labour NGOs during the ‘Modern Slavery’ Reforms: NGO Transitions in a Post‐aid World.” Development and Change 54, no. 3 (May 13, 2023): 570–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12761.
Kawar, Leila. “Assembling an International Social Protection for the Migrant: Juridical Categorization in ILO Migration Standards, 1919–1939.” Global Social Policy 22, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 244–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181211052921.
Kazi‐Aoul, Samia, Clara van Panhuys, Mariano Brener, and Raúl Ruggia‐Frick. “Extending Coverage to Migrant Workers to Advance Universal Social Protection.” International Social Security Review 76, no. 4 (October 27, 2023): 111–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12343.
Khalid, Hasbuddin, and Ade Savirah. “Legal Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers.” Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2022): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v1i2.201.
Kurniati, Yeti, and Abdillah Abdillah. “Comparative Labor Law Studies in Indonesia and Malaysia: Social–Economic Inequality and Governance of Migrant Workers.” Laws 14, no. 6 (October 24, 2025): 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14060079.
Kusumaningtyas, Reza Octavia, and Ong Argo Victoria. “The Role of the Anti-Corruption Commission Supervisory Board in Institutionalizing Accountability.” Contrarius 1, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53955/contrarius.v1i1.83.
Kwilinski, Aleksy, Oleksii Lyulyov, Tetyana Pimonenko, Henryk Dzwigol, Rafis Abazov, and Denys Pudryk. “International Migration Drivers: Economic, Environmental, Social, and Political Effects.” Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 6413. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116413.
Lata, Lutfun Nahar, Jasmine Burdon, and Tim Reddel. “New Tech, Old Exploitation: Gig Economy, Algorithmic Control and Migrant Labour.” Sociology Compass 17, no. 1 (January 20, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028.
Lee, Juhyun. “A Comparative Study of Eight European Countries: How Life Course Events Affect Female Migrant Labour Market Integration under the Perspective of Welfare and Production Regimes.” Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 38, no. 3 (November 5, 2022): 254–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/ics.2022.17.
Li Rosenberg, Qiaoyan. “The Control and Agency Dialectic of Guest Worker Programmes: Evidence from Chinese Construction Workers in Japan’s Technical Intern Training Program (TITP).” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50, no. 16 (October 13, 2024): 4215–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2208739.
Liu, Yu, and Xue Zhang. “Does Labor Mobility Follow the Inter-Regional Transfer of Labor-Intensive Manufacturing? The Spatial Choices of China’s Migrant Workers.” Habitat International 124 (June 2022): 102559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102559.
Maemunah, Maemunah, Sri Rejeki, Hilman Syahrial Haq, and Abdul Sakban. “Legal Protection System for Children Left Behind by Indonesian Migrant Workers: A Multilevel SCII Strategy Approach.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 13, no. 3 (December 28, 2025): 580–601. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v13i3.1845.
Maksum, Ali. “Indonesian Post-Migrant Workers: A Challenging Problem for Human Security.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 4, no. 1 (2021): 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100223.
Mohd Nor, Aishah, Nur Ezan Rahmat, and Dhiyauddin Athir Nadzari. “International and Islamic Perspectives on the Right and Access to Education for Refugees: Malaysia’s Response.” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 21, no. 1 (February 5, 2025): 111–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-06-2023-0058.
Murshed, Muntasir. “Widow, Deserted, and Destitute Women Allowances and Rural Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: Linking Social Protection to the Sustainable Development Goals.” Journal of Public Affairs 22, no. 4 (November 23, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2652.
Musakhonovich, Mamasiddikov Muzaffarkhon, Esanov Azamat Esirgapovich, Abdul Kadir Jaelani, Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus Wan Khairuldin, and Resti Dian Luthviati. “The Protection of Labor Rights on the Court System.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 3 (2024): 742–64. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i1.115.
Najicha, Fatma Ulfatun, Muhamad Mahrus Setia Wijaksana, and Nurita Wulandari. “The Optimization of Environmental Policy to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 1, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 98–107. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v1i2.10.
Nuraeny, Henny. “Legal Protection Against Acts of Violence: Evidence from Indonesian Migrant Workers.” Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): e1844. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1844.
Nuryanto, Ahmad Dwi, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Bukhadyrov Habibullo. “The Imperative of Social Justice on the Insolvency and Workers’ Wage.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 2, no. 3 (September 14, 2024): 209–32. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i3.48.
Okere, Kingsley Ikechukwu, Stephen Kelechi Dimnwobi, Chukwunonso Ekesiobi, and Favour Chidinma Onuoha. “Pollution, Governance, and Women’s Work: Examining African Female Labour Force Participation in the Face of Environmental Pollution and Governance Quality Puzzles.” Women’s Studies International Forum 102 (January 2024): 102851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102851.
Palmer, Wayne. “Labour Market Institutions for Immigrants: The Case of High‐wage Migrant Workers in Indonesia.” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 11, no. 3 (September 16, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.396.
Pereira-Kotze, Catherine, Tanya Doherty, and Mieke Faber. “Maternity Protection for Female Non-Standard Workers in South Africa: The Case of Domestic Workers.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22, no. 1 (August 22, 2022): 657. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04944-0.
Pham, Thanh, Behnam Soltani, and Jasvir Kaur Nachatar Singh. “Employability Capitals as Essential Resources for Employment Obtainment and Career Sustainability of International Graduates.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 48, no. 4 (April 20, 2024): 436–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2024.2344771.
Piper, Nicola. “The International Labour Organisation as Nodal Player on the Pitch of Networked Governance: Shifting the Goalposts for Migrant Workers in Qatar.” Global Social Policy 22, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 323–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181211065240.
Prastyanti, Rina Arum, and Ridhima Sharma. “Establishing Consumer Trust Through Data Protection Law as a Competitive Advantage in Indonesia and India.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 2 (2024): 354–90. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.200.
Purnamasari, Wita, Evita Isretno Israhandi, and Megawati Barthos. “Analysis of Laws for the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad.” Edunity Kajian Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 163–71. https://doi.org/10.57096/edunity.v1i05.48.
Rahayu, Devi, Dina Imam Supaat, and Mirna Yusuf. “The Neglect of Protection for Undocumented Migrant Workers within the Framework of Human Rights Law.” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 32, no. 2 (September 15, 2024): 374–93. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v32i2.34993.
Ramdhani, Moulinda, and Tirtawening Tirtawening. “Legal Politics of Indonesian Migrant Workers (Case Study of the Protection of Female Workers).” The International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research 10, no. 4 (2023): 153–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35335/ijopsor.v10i4.84.
Regmi, Pramod, Nirmal Aryal, Padam Simkhada, and Edwin Van Teijlingen. “Excessive Mortalities among Migrant Workers: The Case of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.” Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 4 (2022): 31–32. https://doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v4i0.455.
Rismawati, Eka, Abdul Kadir Jaelani, and Karakitapoglu Aygün. “The Regulation of Foreign Workers as Technology and Knowledge Transfer.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 1, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v1i2.8.
Rodríguez-Modroño, Paula, Astrid Agenjo-Calderón, and Purificación López-Igual. “Platform Work in the Domestic and Home Care Sector: New Mechanisms of Invisibility and Exploitation of Women Migrant Workers.” Gender & Development 30, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 619–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2022.2121060.
Rudnick, Anja. Working Gendered Boundaries. London: Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003709855.
Runturambi, Arthur Josias Simon, and Ridwan Arifin. “New Patterns and Trends of Migration: Hybrid-Crimes among Indonesian Migrant Workers in Southeast Asia.” Regional Science Policy & Practice 17, no. 10 (2025): 100215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2025.100215.
———. “New Patterns and Trends of Migration: Hybrid-Crimes among Indonesian Migrant Workers in Southeast Asia.” Regional Science Policy & Practice 17, no. 10 (October 2025): 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2025.100215.
Russen, Michelle, Mary Dawson, and Juan M. Madera. “Think Leader, Think Man? The Role of Implicit Bias, Status-Legitimizing Beliefs, and Gender in Hospitality Leadership Discrimination.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 62, no. August 2024 (2025): 321–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.02.002.
Saguin, Kidjie, and Richa Shivakoti. “Keeping up with the Migrant Workers: The Role of Embassies in Transnational Administration of Labor Migration Policy.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 45, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2022.2086754.
Sahl, Dafiq Febriali, Nurisha Kitana, and Clairen Gracella. “Shifting Regulatory Paradigms: The Impact of Indonesia’s Job Creation Law on Migrant Worker Protection and the Role of State, Employers, and Labor Organizations (2020-2023).” Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform 6, no. 1 (2025): 135–59. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgar.v6i1.73452.
Sandberg, Johan, Axel Fredholm, and Olle Frödin. “Immigrant Organizations and Labor Market Integration: The Case of Sweden.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 24, no. 3 (September 23, 2023): 1357–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-022-00999-2.
Senjaya, Oci, Imam Budi Santoso, and M. Reza Pahlevi. “Protection of Women Migrant Workers from Exploitation and Trafficking,” 820–27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-164-7_75.
Seyfert, Karin, and Héctor Alonso. “Social Protection for Refugees and Migrants: Examining Access to Benefits and Labour Market Interventions.” International Social Security Review 76, no. 4 (October 27, 2023): 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12347.
Silver, Sharon R., Marie H. Sweeney, Wayne T. Sanderson, Regina Pana‐Cryan, Andrea L. Steege, Brian Quay, Tania Carreón, and Michael A. Flynn. “Assessing the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Health Disparities: The Need for Data on Work.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 67, no. 2 (February 16, 2024): 129–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23557.
Simkhada, Padam P, Edwin van Teijlingen, Manju Gurung, Samjhana Bhujel, Kalpana Gyawali, and Sharada P Wasti. “Workplace Harassment Faced by Female Nepalese Migrants Working Aboard.” Global Health Journal 8, no. 3 (September 2024): 128–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2024.08.001.
Sjöberg Forssberg, Karin, Annika Vänje, and Karolina Parding. “Bringing in Gender Perspectives on Systematic Occupational Safety and Health Management.” Safety Science 152 (August 2022): 105776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105776.
Sriwidodo, Joko, Rahmat Saputra, and Akmal Alfarisi Widodo. “Reforming Indonesia’s Approach to Transfer of Sentenced Persons.” Invest Journal of Sharia & Economic Law 5, no. 2 (November 2, 2025): 243–70. https://doi.org/10.21154/invest.v5i2.10499.
Suhartini, Endeh, Mimi Fitriana Zaini, Bambang Widjojanto, and Ani Yumarni. “Indonesian Migrant Workers After Job Creation Law: A Challenging Problem for Protection Welfare.” BESTUUR 11, no. 2 (December 2023): 271. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i2.78442.
Sunam, Ramesh, Keith Barney, and John F. McCarthy. “Transnational Labour Migration and Livelihoods in Rural Asia: Tracing Patterns of Agrarian and Forest Change.” Geoforum 118 (January 2021): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.11.004.
Sundary, Rini Irianti, and Umi Muslikhah. “State Responsibility in Protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers as Fulfillment of Human Rights.” Jurnal Ius Constituendum 9, no. 3 (August 24, 2024): 428–45. https://doi.org/10.26623/jic.v9i3.9183.
Tandos, Rosita, Runping Zhu, and Richard Krever. “The Protection and Empowerment of Indonesian Female Migrant Domestic Workers: Proposals from a Multi-Stage Analysis.” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 28, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 205–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2022.2051818.
Tjitrawati, Aktieva Tri, and Mochamad Kevin Romadhona. “Living beyond Borders: The International Legal Framework to Protecting Rights to Health of Indonesian Illegal Migrant Workers in Malaysia.” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 20, no. 2 (May 17, 2024): 227–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-04-2023-0038.
Utami, Tanti Kirana. “Regulation of Legal Sanctions against Perpetrators of Non-Procedural Placement of Indonesian Migrant Workers: A Human Trafficking Perspective.” Cogent Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2421347.
Vosko, Leah F., Tanya Basok, Cynthia Spring, Guillermo Candiz, and Glynis George. “Understanding Migrant Farmworkers’ Health and Well-Being during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada: Toward a Transnational Conceptualization of Employment Strain.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 14, 2022): 8574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148574.
Vought, Victoria, Francesca Zarbin, Rita Vought, and Albert Khouri. “Patterns and Prevention of Occupational Eye Injuries: A Narrative Review.” Clinical Ophthalmology Volume 19 (November 2025): 4257–68. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S556838.
Wahib, Bunyan, Ahmad, Muhammad Jihadul Hayat, and Nurulbahiah Awang, “Unregistered Marriages in Sabah: Indonesian Migrant Workers at the Crossroads of Faith, Law, and Livelihood,” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 5, no. 2 (September 8, 2025): 608–29, https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i2.702.
Whitelaw, Michaela, Alison Casey, Annette Dekker, Parveen Parmar, Joseph Nwadiuko, and Amy Zeidan. “A Qualitative Review of Office of Inspector General Complaints Submitted by Individuals Held in ICE Detention.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 27, no. 3 (June 25, 2025): 409–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-025-01682-1.
Widarahesty, Yusy. Dreaming of a Better Life. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-9156-2.
Yang, Yufan, Shuzhen Zhao, Lulu Lin, Jieyu Qian, Haiyan Zhang, and Fuman Cai. “Social Support and Quality of Life in Migrant Workers: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Healthy Lifestyle.” Frontiers in Public Health 11 (March 23, 2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061579.
Yin, Zhichao, Jiayi Liu, and Feng He. “Economic Risk of Chinese Households: Measurement, Trends, and Implications.” Journal of Economic Surveys, April 24, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12695.
Yucel, Deniz, and Heejung Chung. “Working from Home, Work–Family Conflict, and the Role of Gender and Gender Role Attitudes.” Community, Work & Family 26, no. 2 (March 15, 2023): 190–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2021.1993138.
Zhang, Sheldon, Nell Compernolle, Kyle Vincent, Sarah Lord, and Kareem Kysia. “Does Anyone Care? —The Prevalence of Forced Labor Among Kenyan Migrant Workers and the Glaring Need for Better Labor Conditions in GCC Countries.” Journal of Human Trafficking 10, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 253–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2024.2303251.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Kadir Jaelani, Anila Robbani, Doniyorbek Baxtiyor Ugli Imomniyozov , Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus Wan Khairuldin, Abdul Hanis Embong
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. The works are simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
