APPLICATION OF IMMANUEL KANT'S PHILOSOPHY IN THE THOUGHT OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW OF CRITICISM, RATIONALISM, AND EMPIRICISM)
Keywords:
Religious Education, Criticism, Rationalism, Empiricism.Abstract
Religious studies are the study of in-depth religion; in its journey, religious studies are divided into two models: dogmatic and empirical. The difference between the two understandings will lead to a reductive understanding of religion in religious studies and can lead to misunderstandings that lead to conflict. To reduce the complex problems of the dichotomy of religious studies, this article tries to draw lessons from Immanuel Kant's criticism; Immanuel Kant's criticism begins by placing doubts on the thinking of rationalists who take a priori knowledge for granted, but on the other hand, Immanuel Kant still keeps trying to investigate how a priori things as science are possible until in the end Immanuel Kant brings up the decision of a priori synthesis as one of knowledge and succeeds in resolving the disagreement between rationalist and empiricist groups. The design of religious studies must start from a doctrinal and empirical dichotomy, then adopt a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. As Immanuel Kant has said, both a priori and a posteriori thinking, if they stand alone, each has its weaknesses. Likewise, if they stand alone, the dogmatic model of religious studies and the empirical model will end in a reductive understanding.
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References
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Brimantyawan, AA, A Ummu’Aziizah, and ... “Pemikiran Immanuel Kant Dan Implikasinya Dalam Diskursus Pendidikan Akhlak.” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana …, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:11:30 (2022). http://jurnal.peneliti.net/index.php/JIWP/article/view/1560.
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Chaly, V. “Immanuel Kant-Racist and Colonialist?” Kantian Journal, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2020). https://philpapers.org/rec/CHAIK.
Choiriyah, Ngismatul. “Rasionalisme Rene Descartes.” Anterior Jurnal 13, no. 2 (2018). https://doi.org/10.33084/anterior.v13i2.284.
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Driscoll, M. “James Bond and Immanuel Kant’s War on Drugs: A Nosography and Nosegrammatics of Male Hysteria.” Body Politics, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2019). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429037672-8.
Effendi, R. “Kewajiban Dalam Pemikiran Immanuel Kant Dan Relevansinya Dengan Akhlak Islam.” Jurnal Al-Aqidah, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2020). https://ejournal.uinib.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/alaqidah/article/view/2272.
Ehrman, MU. “A Call for Energy Realism: When Immanuel Kant Met the Keep It in the Ground Movement.” Utah L. Rev., no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2019). https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/utahlr2019§ion=16.
Erra, ELT, and ML Aryania. “Intuisi Matematis Immanuel Kant Dan Implementasinya Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Abad 21.” PRISMA, Prosiding Seminar Nasional …, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2022). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/prisma/article/view/54335.
Faqihuddin, A. “AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT.” Al-Risalah: Jurnal Studi Agama Dan Pemikiran Islam, no. Query date: 2022-09-26 09:23:48 (2020). https://uia.e-journal.id/alrisalah/article/view/742.
Fitriani, D, NA EQ, and A Suhartini. “Teologi Pendidikan: Konsep Pendidikan Dalam Prespektif Islam.” MANAZHIM, no. Query date: 2022-09-26 12:22:55 (2021). https://ejournal.stitpn.ac.id/index.php/manazhim/article/view/1293.
Hadikusuma, W. “Epistemologi Bayani, Irfani Dan Burhani Al-Jabiri Dan Relevansinya Bagi Studi Agama Untuk Resolusi Konflik Dan Peacebuilding.” Jurnal Ilmiah Syi’ar, no. Query date: 2022-09-01 08:38:39 (2018). https://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/syiar/article/view/1510.
Haitomi, F. “Menimbang Hermeneutika Sebagai Mitra Tafsir.” NUN: Jurnal Studi Alquran Dan Tafsir Di Nusantara, no. Query date: 2022-10-06 14:32:34 (2019). http://ejournal.aiat.or.id/index.php/nun/article/view/90.
Hudin, NA. “Kritisisme Kant Dan Studi Agama.” KACA (Karunia Cahaya Allah): Jurnal Dialogis Ilmu …, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2019). https://jurnal.alfithrah.ac.id/index.php/kaca/article/view/109.
Jelahut, FE, HY Utang, YE Jelahut, and ... “Menalar Skeptis Adopsi Artificial Intelegence (AI) Di Indonesia:’Sebuah Tinjauan Filsafat Ilmu Komunikasi’.” Jurnal Filsafat …, no. Query date: 2022-08-31 11:09:08 (2021). https://philarchive.org/rec/JELMSA-3.
Kamarusdiana, K. “Posisi Al-Qur’an Dalam Epistimologi Hermeneutika.” Al Amin: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Dan Budaya …, no. Query date: 2022-07-16 14:50:49 (2019). http://jurnal.stitalamin.ac.id/index.php/alamin/article/view/18.
Kant, I. “A Connection Between Thought and Thing A Priori.” Kant, Wittgenstein, and the Performativity of Thought, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2021). https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IHU-EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=immanuel+kant&ots=EPSx_0eW_x&sig=YW-d5XMqLMJfOZjevI55BJ_K0v0.
———. “Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Bennett C, Saunders J, Stern R, Trans,” no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2019).
———. “Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals.” Immanuel Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of …, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2020). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203714805-2.
Kant, I, NY Critiques, and KK der Reinen Vernunft. “Works by Kant.” Journal of the History of …, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (n.d.). https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E69BEEABA7E638BF73319E14E5D80BAB/9781108496476bib_235-247.pdf/bibliography.pdf.
Muhidin, M, A Nurwadjah, and ... “Analisis Teologi Pendidikan Dalam Penguatan Pendidikan Islam.” Jurnal Dirosah Islamiyah, no. Query date: 2022-09-26 12:22:55 (2021). https://journal.laaroiba.ac.id/index.php/jdi/article/view/454.
Musdalifah, Musdalifah. “PESERTA DIDIK DALAM PANDANGAN NATIVISME, EMPIRISME, DAN KONVERGENSI.” Idaarah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan 2, no. 2 (2019): 243–243. https://doi.org/10.24252/idaarah.v2i2.7014.
Nuha, MAU. “Analisis Bahasa Gender Dalam Fatwa Tentang ‘Musawat Al Mar’ah Bi Al Rajul’ Oleh: Ahmad Al-Shurbasy Dalam Kitab ‘Yas’ Alunak Fi al-Din Wa al-Hayat.’” Jurnal Mu’allim, no. Query date: 2022-09-01 08:38:39 (2022). https://jurnal.yudharta.ac.id/v2/index.php/muallim/article/view/3012.
———. “ANALISIS MAJAS ELIPSIS DALAM AL-QUR’AN DAN FRASA BAHASA ARAB.” Jurnal Bahasa Lingua Scientia, no. Query date: 2022-11-18 09:09:05 (2022). http://ejournal.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/index.php/ls/article/view/5475.
O’Grady, J. … : The Complete Guide to the Great Revolutionary Philosophers, Including René Descartes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and David Hume. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52. books.google.com, 2019. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7MuDDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&dq=immanuel+kant&ots=fLiE9vcwNM&sig=fRG_Fx5JhXd7upNCiTneWUaU8mE.
Reiter, A. “What Makes Kant an Aesthetic Cognitivist about Fine Art? A Response to Young.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, no. Query date: 2023-01-03 10:12:52 (2021). https://academic.oup.com/jaac/article-abstract/79/1/108/6106206.
Siddiq, Mohammad, and Hartini Salama. “Paradigma Dan Metode Pendidikan Anak Dalam Perspektif Aliran Filsafat Rasionalisme, Empirisme, Dan Islam.” Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam Al-Thariqah 3, no. 2 (2018): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.25299/althariqah.2018.vol3(2).2308.
Vera, Susanti, and R. Yuli A. Hambali. “Aliran Rasionalisme Dan Empirisme Dalam Kerangka Ilmu Pengetahuan.” Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ushuluddin 1, no. 2 (2021): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpiu.12207.
