Between Customary and Islamic Law: Financial Inheritance Practices in the Surakarta Sunanate Royal Family

Syaifuddin Zuhdi; Khudzaifah Dimyati; Absori Absori; Kelik Wardiono; Virra Ervita Apreliyanti

doi:10.14421/ahwal.2025.18204

Authors

Syaifuddin Zuhdi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-7076
Khudzaifah Dimyati Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Absori Absori Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Kelik Wardiono Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Virra Ervita Apreliyanti Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2025.18204

Keywords:

Surakarta Sunanate, customary law, inheritance, Paugeran

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the division of inheritance carried out by the royal family of the Surakarta Sunanate in Central Java Province. Data were collected through interviews and observations involving six royal families. The findings show that the descendants of the Surakarta Sunanate royal family divide inheritance based on agreements reached withing the family. Within the royal family, there are two types of inheritance. The first is the king’s personal property, which is divided according to Paugeran (royal customary law), using a ratio of 2:1 between sons and daughters, unless the king has left a testament. The king’s testament, known as sabda pandita ratu, is considered absolute. If the king issues a testament that removes the inheritance rights of a family member, that person’s rights are annulled. This stands in contrast to Islamic law, which limits the scope of a testament to one-third of the estate and prohibits the disinheritance of a rightful heir. The second type of inheritance is palace property, which may only be inherited by the son or heir who succeeds the late king. These practices illustrate the (dis)harmony between Islamic inheritance law and royal customary inheritance law in specific contexts.

[Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pembagian harta warisan yang dilakukan oleh keluarga kerajaan Kasunanan Surakarta Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara dan observasi terhadap enam keluarga kerajaan keturunan Kasunanan Surakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keturunan keluarga kerajaan Kasunanan Surakarta membagi harta warisan berdasarkan kesepakatan yang dilakukan melalui musyawarah keluarga. Dalam keluarga raja, terdapat dua jenis warisan, yaitu harta pribadi raja, yang dibagi berdasarkan Paugeran (hukum adat) dengan perbandingan 2:1 bagi anak laki dan perempuan. Hal ini berlaku kecuali jika raja berwasiat. Wasiat raja yang disebut sabda pandita ratu bersifat mutlak, dimana jika ia menentukan pembagian rata, maka warisan akan dibagi rata. Atau, jika ia berwasiat menghapus hak waris salah satu anggota keluarga, maka akan terhapus. Di dalam hukum Islam, seorang pewaris hanya dapat wasiat maksimal 1/3 dari hartanya dan tidak bisa menghapus ahli waris. Jenis harta kedua adalah harta keraton yang tidak bisa diwariskan secara pribadi kepada semua keluarga raja, namun hanya akan diberikan kepada satu saja ahli waris yang menggantikan mendiang raja. Praktik-praktik ini menggambarkan adanya (ketidak)selarasan antara hukum waris Islam dan hukum waris adat kerajaan dalam konteks tertentu.]

References

Adib, Ahmad, and Kundharu Saddhono. “Paradigma Budaya Islam-Jawa Dalam Grebeg Maulud Kraton Surakarta.” AL Qalam 35, no. 2 (December 2018): 119. https://doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v35i2.1081.

Darussamin, Zikri. “Interaksi Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Adat; Studi Pelaksanaan Kewarisan Masyarakat Melayu Di Daerah Siak.” UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2003.

Daud Ali, Mohammad. Hukum Islam: Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Dan Tata Hukum Islam Di Indonesia (Islamic Law: Introduction to Legal Studies and Islamic Legal Order in Indonesia). 6th ed. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005.

Djawas, Mursyid, Khairuddin Hasballah, Soraya Devy, Muntasir A Kadir, and Yusfriadi Abda. “The Construction of Islamic Inheritance Law: A Comparative Study of the Islamic Jurisprudence and the Compilation of Islamic Law.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 21, no. 2 (2022): 207–19. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.7495.

Fahadayna, Adhi Cahya. “The Implementations of Islamic Law and Post-Conflict Development in Aceh, Northern Indonesia” 129, no. Icsps 2017 (2018): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsps-17.2018.4.

Faiz, Al, M. Anang, and Aminuddin Kasdi. “Perang Suksesi Jawa II 1719-1723 (Siasat Amangkurat IV Melawan Pangeran Blitar Dan Pangeran Purbaya).” Avatara 1, no. 3 (2013): 357–66.

Faizal, Liky. “Harta Bersama Dalam Perkawinan (Common Wealth in Marriages).” Ijtimaiyya: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam 8, no. 2 (2015): 77–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24042/ijpmi.v8i2.912.

Fatayat, Mohammad Iqbal, and Mutimatun Ni’ami. Implementasi Hukum Waris Islam Dalam Praktik Pembagian Warisan Di Kalangan Masyarakat Desa Sribit Kecamatan Delangggu Kabupaten Klaten (Implemetation of the Islamic Inheritance Law in the Practice of Dividing Inheritance Among the People of Sribit Village. Surakrta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, 2020.

Hamdani, H. “Konsep Takharuj Alternatif Pembagian Warisan (The Takharuj Concept, An Alternative in Dividing Inheritance).” Al Hisab: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 1, no. 1 (2020): 32–43.

Haq, Hilman S. Pengantar Hukum Adat Indonesia (Introduction to the Indonesian Customary Law). Klaten: Penerbit Lakeisha, 2020.

Ivantra, Pioci. “Pengaruh Hukum Islam Terhadap Hukum Keluarga Adat Sumatera Selatan; Studi Terhadap Hukum Keluarga Dalam Kitab Oendang-Oendang Simboer Tjahaja.” UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2004.

Judiasih, Sonny Dewi, and Efa Laela Fakhriah. “Inheritance Law System: Considering the Pluralism of Customary Law in Indonesia.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 5, no. 2 (2018): 315–30. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n2.a6.

Khalidah, Muhammad Nasir. “Penyelesaian Pembagian Warisan Di Kecamatan Simpang Ulim Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Adat (Inheritance Division Resolution in Simpang Ulim District in the Perspective of the Islamic Law and the Customary Law).” Al-Qadha : Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Perundang-Undangan 8, no. 1 (July 2021): 33–49. https://doi.org/10.32505/qadha.v8i1.2997.

Lukito, Ratno. “Islamic Law and Adat Encounter: The Experience of Indonesia,” 1997.

Manangin, Muhamad Syaifullah Abadi, Leni Dwi Nurmala, and Nurmin K Martam. “Pengalihan Atas Harta Warisan Di Indonesia (The Transfer of Inheritance Wealth in Indonesia).” DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 16, no. 2 (July 2020): 177–89. https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v16i2.3345.

Mubarok, Ahmad Agis. “Musyawarah Dalam Perspektif Al-Quran (Deliberation in the Perspective of the Holy Qur’an).” MAGHZA: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir 4, no. 2 (December 2019): 147–60. https://doi.org/10.24090/maghza.v4i2.3550.

Mujib, Lalu Supriadi Bin. “Revitalisasi Hukum Waris Islam Dalam Penyelesaian Kasus Sengketa Tanah Waris Pada Masyarakat Sasak (Revitalization of the Islamic Inheritance Law in Resolvig Cases of Inheritance Land Dispute of the Sasak Community).” Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 19, no. 1 (June 2019): 67–88. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v19i1.67-88.

Mulyawan, Fitra, and Dora Tiara. “Karakteristik Hukum Islam Pada Zaman Penjajahan Belanda Dan Jepang (Characteristics of the Islamic Law During the Dutch and Japanese Colonial Era).” UNES Law Review 3, no. 2 (December 2020): 113–25. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v3i2.151.

Murdiastomo, H. Y. “Pengembangan Maket Pusat-Pusat Pemerintahan Kerajaan Mataram Islam Sebagai Alternatif Media Pembelajaran Sejarah.” NOSARARA : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial 1, no. 1 (2015): 1–29.

Muzainah, Gusti, and Firqah Annajiyah Mansyuroh. “Integration of Islamic Law and Banjarese Customary Law of Inheritance System Tionghoa Muslim Community in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam 6, no. 2 (December 2022): 678. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12386.

Nur, Andi Erwin. “Urgensi Pembagian Warisan Secara Musyawarah Dalam Meminimalisir Perselisihan Ahli Waris Dan Persfektif Hukum Islam (Studi Desa Sugiale Kec. Barebbo Kab. Bone) (Urgency for the Division of Inheritance Using Deliberation to Minimize Disputes Among Heirs And.” Institut Agama Islam Negeri Bone, 2020.

Pongoh, Patricia Sarah. “Analisis Pengaturan Hak Anak Tiri Dalam Mewaris Menurut Hukum Waris Adat (Analysis on the Ruling of Step Children in Obtaining Inheritance According to the Customary Inheritance Law).” Lex Privatum VII, no. 2 (2019): 128–35.

Pongoliu, Hamid. “Pembagian Harta Waris Dalam Tradisi Masyarakat Muslim Di Gorontalo (The Division of Inheritance in the Tradition of Muslims in Gorontalo).” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 13, no. 2 (2019): 187–202. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v13i2.3166.

Pungki, Nanda A., Rizda Sabti Yulnita, and Dian Latifiani. “Civil Law Analysis of Application for Change of Name at Rembang District Court.” Analysis of Application for Change of Name at Rembang District Court.” 7, no. 1 (2022): 98–108. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v7i1.606.

Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200-2008. Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008.

Rizani, Akhmad Kamil. “Musyawarah Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Waris Beda Agama: Evidence Based Solution From Indonesia (Deliberation as an Alternative to Resolving Inheritance Dispute of Different Religions: Evidence Based Solution From Indonesia).” El-Mashlahah 10, no. 2 (December 2020): 52–64. https://doi.org/10.23971/maslahah.v10i2.2063.

Sakirman. “Konvergensi Pembagian Harta Waris Dalam Hukum Islam.” Al-’Adalah 13, no. 2 (2016): 155–164.

Salim, Arskal. “Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: Sharia and Legal Pluralism.” Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: Sharia and Legal Pluralism 6 (2015): 1–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2015.1125772.

Saptono, Nanang. “Tata Ruang Kota Ciamis Pasca Perdagangan Dunia Abad Ke-19 – 20 (Spatial Planning of Ciamis City Post-World Trade of the 19th and 20th Centuries).” Panalungtik 1, no. 1 (January 2019): 41–60. https://doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v1i1.5.

Shabana, Ayman. Custom in Islamic Law and Legal Theory; The Development of the Concepts of ‘Urf and ‘Ādah in The Islamic Legal Tradition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Sudaryanto, Agus. “Sepikul Segendong: Harmonisasi Hukum Adat Dan Islam Dalam Pewarisan Terhadap Anak (Sepikul Segendong: Harmonization of the Islamic and Customary Laws on Inheritance for Children).” In Ekpresi Islam Dalam Simbol-Simbol Budaya Di Indonesia (Islamic Expression and Cultural Symbols in Indonesia). Yogyakarta: Lembaga Kebudayaan, Pimpinan Pusat ’Aisyiyah, 2005.

Sulastriyono, Sulastriyono, and Sartika Intaning Pradhani. “Pemikiran Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno Dan Relevansinya Kini (Djojodigoeno Customary Legal Thought and Its Relevance).” Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 30, no. 3 (October 2018): 448. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.36956.

Supariadi, Supariadi. Dinamika Kehidupan Religius Era Kasunanan Surakarta (Dynamics of Religious Life in the Era of the Surakarta Sunanate). Jakarta: Litbangdiklat Press, 2017.

Takdir, Mohammad, Fajrul Munir, Ali Ludhfi, Muliyanzah Muliyanzah, and Zainol Muttaqin. “The Takharrūj Method as an Islamic Legal Solution for Customary Inheritance Practices among Muslim Communities in Pakamban Laok, Sumenep, Indonesia.” JIL: Journal of Islamic Law 4, no. 1 (February 2023): 104–22. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v4i1.1044.

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia. Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage (1974).

Thompson, Brooke. “Family Provision and Islamic Wills: Preserving the Testator’s Wishes through Testamentary Arbitration?” University of New South Wales Law Journal 46, no. 1 (April 2023): 205–34.

Wahid, Abdul. Sistem Pembagian Waris Di Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon Ditinjau Dari Hukum Islam (Inheritance Division System in the Cirebon Palace Perceived from the Islamic Law). Jakarta: Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2019.

Widada, Sutapa Mulja, and Istadiyantha. “Pemberdayaan Local Wisdom Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat.” Journal of Law, Society and Islamic Civilization 3, no. 2 (2015): 77–98. https://doi.org/10.20961/jolsic.v3i2.50356.

Winarti, Sri. Sekilas Sejarah Karaton Surakarta. Sukoharjo: CV Cenderawasih, 2013.

Yaqin, Ainol. “Yūsuf Al-Qarḍāwī’s Istinbāṭ Method and Its Implementation in the Moderation of Islamic Law.” Al-Ahkam 31, no. 1 (April 2021): 109–40. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2021.31.1.7075.

Yuliatin. “Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Adat: Studi Pembagian Harta Waris Masyarakat Seberang Kota Jambi.” UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2014.

Zein, Satria Effendi M. Problematika Hukum Keluarga Islam Kontemporer: Analisis Yurisprudensi Dengan Pendekatan Ushuliyah (Legal Problems of Contemporary Muslim Families: Jurisprudence Analysis with Ushuliyah Approach). 1st ed. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2010.