The Autonomy of Indonesian Islamic Court: Inventing and Refining ‘Broken Marriage’ as a Unilateral and No-Fault Divorce Ground
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2025.18201Keywords:
Broken marriage, autonomy of law, no-fault divorce, and Islamic core values.Abstract
This article discusses important developments of marriage and divorce norms within the Islamic Chamber of the Supreme Court. Focusing on broken marriage ground, this article explores landmark decisions, Supreme Court regulations, Supreme Court circular letters, and yearly plenary meetings. In addition, interviews with judges and emerging discourse available in the quarterly magazine Peradilan Agama, from 2013 onwards, and relevant decisions by the Constitutional Court were also consulted. Employing a critical and chronological legal analysis, the discussion reveals a consistent trend of judicial law-making as apparent in the invention of ‘broken marriage’ as a unilateral and no-fault divorce ground to provide a better and more equal court access for both men and women. However, judges can still employ consideration of fault, especially when the ‘fault’ is relevant to a spouse’s post-divorce rights. These legal breakthroughs show the autonomy of Islamic court, especially to bridge the gaps between a formal application of law and a sense of justice in society. The judges’ autonomy is crucial as the more responsive attitude enhances their social recognition and the court’s legitimacy before the society. In fact, accommodation is not the only logic that works as the judges have also been very careful to ensure that developments do not work against the established interpretation of law and ‘core values’ in Islam. This finding demonstrates that the Islamic courts have served as strategic loci not only for the development of law but also for the encounter of different normative systems.
[Artikel ini membahas perkembangan penting mengenai norma-norma perkawinan dan perceraian dalam Kamar Agama Mahkamah Agung. Dengan berfokus pada alasan perceraian karena “perkawinan yang pecah” (broken marriage), artikel ini menelusuri putusan-putusan penting, peraturan Mahkamah Agung, surat edaran Mahkamah Agung, dan hasil rapat pleno tahunan. Selain itu, wawancara dengan para hakim serta wacana yang berkembang dalam majalah triwulanan Peradilan Agama sejak 2013, dan putusan-putusan relevan dari Mahkamah Konstitusi juga dijadikan rujukan. Dengan menggunakan analisis hukum kritis dan kronologis, pembahasan ini mengungkap tren konsisten dalam pembentukan hukum oleh peradilan, yang tampak dalam perumusan “perkawinan yang pecah” sebagai alasan perceraian sepihak dan tanpa kesalahan (unilateral and no-fault divorce ground) untuk memberikan akses peradilan yang lebih baik dan setara bagi laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun demikian, hakim tetap dapat mempertimbangkan unsur kesalahan, terutama ketika “kesalahan” tersebut berkaitan dengan hak-hak pasca-cerai seorang pasangan. Terobosan-terobosan hukum ini menunjukkan adanya otonomi peradilan agama, terutama dalam menjembatani kesenjangan antara penerapan hukum secara formal dan rasa keadilan dalam masyarakat. Otonomi hakim sangat penting karena sikap yang lebih responsif meningkatkan pengakuan sosial dan legitimasi peradilan di hadapan masyarakat. Bahkan, akomodasi bukan satu-satunya logika yang bekerja, karena para hakim juga sangat berhati-hati memastikan bahwa perkembangan tersebut tidak bertentangan dengan interpretasi hukum yang sudah mapan dan “nilai-nilai inti” dalam Islam. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa peradilan agama telah menjadi lokus strategis bukan hanya bagi perkembangan hukum, tetapi juga bagi perjumpaan berbagai sistem normatif.]
References
Bedner, A. W. (2016). Autonomy of law in Indonesia. Recht Der Werkelijkheid, 37(3), 10–36. https://doi.org/10.5553/RdW/138064242016037003002
Bourdieu, P. (1987). The force of law: Toward a sociology of the juridical field. The Hastings Law Journal, 38(5), 805–853.
Bowen, J. R. (2005). Fairness and law in an Indonesian Court. In M. K. Masud, R. Peters, & D. Powers (Eds.), Dispensing justice in Islam: Qadis and their judgements (Vol. 22, pp. 117–141). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047416722_008
Buskens, L. (2000, May). An Islamic triangle: Changing relationhips between shari’a, state law, and local custom. ISIM Newsletter, 5(1), 8.
Cammack, M. (1989). Islamic law in Indonesia’s new order. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 38(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/38.1.53
Cammack, M. E. (1997). Indonesia’s 1989 Religious Judicature Act: Islamization of Indonesia or Indonesianization of Islam? Indonesia, 63, 143–168. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351514
Lev, D. S. (1972). Islamic courts in Indonesia: A study in the political bases of legal institutions. In Islamic courts in Indonesia. University of California Press.
Mahkamah Agung RI. (2013). Buku II: Pedoman teknis administrasi dan teknis Peradilan Agama (I. A. Harun, Ed.; Edisi Revisi). Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama MA RI.
Michailakis, D. (1995). Review essay: Law as an Autopoietic System. Acta Sociologica, 38(4), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939503800404
Nakamura, H. (2006). Conditional divorce in Indonesia. In Occasional Publications (7; Occasional Publications).
Nurlaelawati, E. (2010a). Modernization, tradition and identity: Legal practice in the Indonesian religious courts. Amsterdam University Press.
Nurlaelawati, E. (2010b). Modernization, tradition and identity: Legal practice in the Indonesian religious courts. Amsterdam University Press.
Nurlaelawati, E., & van Huis, S. C. (2020). The status of children born out of wedlock and adopted children in Indonesia: Interactions between Islamic, adat, and human rights norms. Journal of Law and Religion, 34(3), 356–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2019.41
Savelsberg, J. J., & Teubner, G. (1994). Law as an autopoietic system. Contemporary Sociology, 23(3), 411–412. https://doi.org/10.2307/2075352
Soewondo, N. (1977). The Indonesian marriage law and its implementing regulation. Archipel, 13(1), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1974.1181
Sonneveld, N. (2019). Divorce reform in Egypt and Morocco: Men and women navigating rights and duties. In Islamic Law and Society (Vol. 26, Issues 1–2, pp. 149–178). https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00260A01
Terdiman, R. (1987). Translator’s introduction: The force of law: Toward a sociology of the juridical field. Hastings Law Journal, 38(5), 805–813.
van Huis, S. C. (2015a). Islamic courts and women’s divorce rights in Indonesia: The cases of Cianjur and Bulukumba [Dissertation, Doctoral’s thesis, Leiden University]. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/35081
van Huis, S. C. (2015b). Islamic courts and women’s divorce rights in Indonesia: The cases of Cianjur and Bulukumba. Doctoral’s thesis, Leiden University.
van Huis, S. C. (2019). Khul’ over the longue durée: The decline of traditional fiqh-based divorce mechanisms in Indonesian legal practice. Islamic Law and Society, 26(1–2), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00254A05
Voorhoeve, M. (2012). Judicial discretion in Tunisian personal status law. In M. Voorhoeve (Ed.), Family Law in Islam: Divorce, Marriage and Women in the Muslim World (pp. 199–223). I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755692842.ch-008
Welchman, L. (2007). Women and Muslim family laws in Arab states: A comparative overview of textual development and advocacy. Amsterdam University Press.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Al Farabi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. The works are simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
