The Construction of Terror Communicating of ISIS News In Social Media
Main Article Content
Abstract
Global era with its advanced technology has provided small terrorist groups a powerful instrument—social media which is intentionally or unintentionally used to serve their interest. As believed, the terrorist does their action by giving significant impact to publicity. As a terrorist organization, ISIS realized the potentials of social media-oriented terror, in terms of its effectiveness in reaching huge audiences. The spread of the ideology, which is called jihadi virus, is limited in the physical world, however it is possible to spread within social media regardless of time and space. Discursive framework method in constructivism paradigm has led to a conclusion that reality constructed in social media such as twitter, facebook, whatsApp, BBM, path, and other applications are carefully planned in a form of disinformation tactics (propaganda), economic pressure, socio-cultural, and ideology. The impact of social media reveals interesting results that ISIS has formed symbolizations and image changes and raised attention towards the issue. In communication terrorism Joseph Turman’s approach, as one of constructionist approach, it analyzed that ISIS actions are rhetorical actions (such what messages are conveyed, whether it is a persuasive meaning and symbols that appear; acts of terrorism that is produced and delivered to the wider world; elements of rhetoric including labels, definitions, and symbolism in terrorism; public orator about terrorism; and the relationship between terror and the media), in both written and spoken language, there is always possibility for manipulation and receptive communication.
[Era global dengan perkembangan teknologinya seakan telah memberi kelompok teroris suatu instrumen yang kuat- media sosial secara sengaja atau pun tidak sengaja untuk melayani hasrat mereka. Bahkan diyakini lebih dari itu, tindakan teroris sendiri tidak akan berdampak bila tidak terpublikasi secara luas. Organisasi teroris ISIS sangat menyadari potensi media sosial sebagai sarana yang dapat diorientasikan pada aksi-aksi teror mereka, dengan kata lain secara efektif untuk meraih audiens yang besar. Media sosial seperti tweeter, facebook, whatsapp, BBM, path, ipad, dan aplikasi jaringan lainnya tampaknya memang mampu mempromosikan perbuatan-perbuatan mereka secara efektif. Dampak lintas media sosial mengungkapkan hasilnya bahwa ISIS mampu memainkan simbolisasi dan citra dan meningkatkan tensi kepentingan pada isu-isu seputar mereka. Melalui “teori Communicating Terorrism” yang dilahirkan Joseph Turman (2010) menjelaskan bahwa aksi-aksi ISIS bisa dikatakan lebih dari tindakan retorika (sebagai suatu simbol-simbol dan pesan-pesan), yang mereka tuliskan dan ungkapkan melalui bahasa yang penuh makna, yang berpotensi selalu manipulatif dan komunikasi yang reseptif. Penyebaran ideologi, sebagai apa yang kita sebut sebagai virus jihad, yang terbatas pada dunia nyata, tapi melalui media sosial isa menjadi keluarga dan teman tanpa batas ruang dan waktu, membantu memperluas landasan dan percepatan radikalisasi dan perekrutan angota teroris.]
Article Details
References
Book
Cockcroft. R and Cockcroft. S. Persuading People: An Introduction To Rhetoric. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
Denzin, Norman. K dan Lincoln, Yvonna.S, Handbook of Qualitative Research. (London. SAGE Publications, 2010)
Fealy, Greg. Indonesian and Malaysian Support of the Islamic State. (USA: US AID, 2016)
Gross, Alan G and Walzer, Arthur E. Rereading Aristotle’s Rhetoric. (SIU Press, 2008)
Hoffman, B. Inside terrorism. (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2008)
Hyde, J. M. The Ethos of Rhetoric. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.2004)
Nacos, B. Mass-Mediated Terrorism, (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003)
Tuman, Joseph S. Communicating Terror: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Terrorism. (San Francisco State University, USA.SAGE Publications, 2010)
von Behr, Ines, Reding, Anaïs, Edwards, Charlie, and Gribbon, Luke. Radicalisation in the Digital era: The Use of the Internet in 15 Cases of Terrorism and Extremism, (Brussels: RAND, 2013)
Journal
Aly Ane, The Terrorists’ Audience: A Model of Internet Radicalisation. Journal of Australian Professional Intelligence Officers, 17, 2009
Hilde Kaiter, Edith. Globalization, Modern, Terorrism and Media. “Mircea cel Batran” Naval Academy Scientific Bulletin, Volume XIX Issue 2, 2016
Knop, Von and G, Weimann. Applying the Notion of Noise to Countering Online-Terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism No. 31, 2008.
Kydd ,Andrew H. and Walter, Barbara F. The Strategies of Terrorism. International Security, Vol. 31, No. 1, Summer 2006
Miller, Claude H. & Landau J. Mark. Communication and Terrorism: A Terror Management Theory Perspective, Communication Research Reports Vol. 22. No. 1, February 2005.
Pattwell, Ashley, Mitman, Tyson, and Porpora, Douglas, Terrorism as Failed Political Communication, International Journal of Communication 9, 2015.
Singh. J. Katibah Nusantara: Islamic State´s Malay Archipelago Combat Unit. RSIS Comentary, No 126, 2015, 26 May 2015
Miller, Claude H. & Landau J. Mark. Communication and Terrorism: A Terror Management Theory Perspective, Communication Research Reports Vol. 22. No. 1, February 2005.
Vlera, Ejupi, Liljana, Siljanovska, and Arburim, Iseni. The Mass media and Persuasion. European Scientific Journal edition vol.10. No.14 May 2016
Internet
Al Hayat Media Center, Join the Ranks from The Islamic State, diakses 2016 in https://www.youtube.com/watch
Tran. M and Weaver. M, Isis Announces Islamic Caliphate in Area Straddling Iraq and Syria, accesed in 2014 in https://www.theguardian.com.
Isis is using social media to reach you its new audience in https://www.thedailybeast.com
Irfan, ISIS Sudah Masuk Indonesia (Kades Koordinasi Pemberantasan Terorisme Kemenko Polhukam Ansyaad Mbai) reported on Maret, 13, 2015 in Metrotvnews.com
Gardner, Frank. How do terrorists communicate? Accesed in November 2, 2013 in BBC security correspondent http://www.bbc.com/news/world-24784756
Nancy Jamal and Jehad Al-Tattan. Communicating Terrorism.www.derasat.org.bh