HAK CERAI PEREMPUAN DALAM HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM MAROKO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2021.14204Keywords:
Al-Mudawanah al-Usrah, Hak cerai perempuan, MarokoAbstract
This paper examines the women’s right to divorce under Moroccan Islamic family law. This article relies on a statutory approach, accompanied by interviews. Most of the data were taken from Moroccan regulations on marriage. The data were also collected from books and journals on women and divorce in Moroccan Law. Additionally, interviews are conducted to enrich information. The result of this study shows that Morocco recognizes the right of woman to divorce (her husband) in two terms: tatliq li al-syiqaq and khulu'. Of these two rights, Moroccan women share an equal position with men in the chance to end marital ties. Following the divorce, Moroccan family law stipulates that joint property belongs to the wife, except for immovable assets in the husband's name. Due to this provision, Moroccan women's bargaining position is arguably strong, because they have the legal ‘power’ to negotiate whether the marriage should be continued or ended. This should encourage husbands to behave carefully of their wives during the marriage. Theoretically, Moroccan family law can be said progressive in terms of protecting the rights of women (and their child/s).
Tulisan ini mengkaji hak bercerai bagi perempuan dalam undang-undang keluarga yang diterapkan di negara muslim Maroko. Artikel ini ditulis dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) yang dilengkapi dengan wawancara. Data dikumpulkan dari peraturan-peraturan perkawinan di Maroko. Data juga didapatkan dari buku-buku dan jurnal yang membahas hak perempuan untuk bercerai. Di samping itu, data juga diperkaya melalui wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Maroko mengakui hak perempuan untuk menceraikan (suaminya) dengan dua jalan, yaitu: tatliq li al-syiqaq dan khulu’. Dari kedua hak menceraikan ini, perempuan Maroko mempunyai kedudukan yang cukup imbang dengan laki-laki dalam kemampuan memutuskan ikatan perkawinan. Pasca perceraian, hukum keluarga Maroko menetapkan harta bersama jatuh kepada istri, kecuali harta tidak bergerak yang atas nama suami. Dengan ketentuan ini, posisi tawar perempuan Maroko dapat dikatakan cukup kuat karena mereka memiliki modal negosiasi apakah pernikahan dilanjutkan atau tidak. Ini menjadi isyarat bagi para suami untuk berprilaku hati-hati kepada istrinya dalam berumah tangga. Secara teoretis, hukum keluarga Maroko dapat disebut progresif dalam memberikan perlindungan kepada hak-hak perempuan, termasuk hak-hak anak-anak.References
Aixelà Cabré, Yolanda, ‘The Mudawwana and Koranic Law from a Gender Perspective. the Substantial Changes in the Moroccan Family Code of 2004’, Language and Intercultural Communication, vol. 7, no. 2, Taylor & Francis, 2007.
Al Jazairy, Abdurrahman, ‘Kitab al Fiqhi ‘Ala Madzahib al Arba’ah’, Beirut: Dar Al Fikri Al Ilmiyah, 1990.
Anderson, J. Norman D., ‘Modern Trends in Islam: Legal Reform and Modernisation in the Middle East’, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Aziz, Nasaiy, ‘Penyebutan “Iwaḍ dalam Penjatuhan Khulu”: Kontribusi Abu Isḥāq Al-Syīrāzī’, SAMARAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, vol. 2, no. 1, 2018, pp. 73–94.
Bonanno, Greta, The Peculiarity of Tunisian Women Activism: Their Main Achievements in the Last Century, Luiss Guido Carli, 2019.
Bordat, Stephanie Willman, Susan Schaefer Davis, and Saida Kouzzi, ‘Women as agents of grassroots change: Illustrating micro-empowerment in Morocco’, Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, Duke University Press, 2011.
Cohen, Shana and Larabi Jaidi, Morocco: Globalization and its consequences, Routledge, 2014.
Daud, Fathonah K., ‘Tafsir Ayat-Ayat Hukum Keluarga 1’, Banten. Desanta Muliavisitama, 2020.
Fatma, Yulia, ‘Batasan Usia Perkawinan dalam Hukum Keluarga Islam (Perbandingan Antar Negara Muslim: Turki, Pakistan, Maroko dan Indonesia)’, JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), vol. 18, no. 2, 2019.
Feliu, Laura, ‘Feminism, Gender Inequality and the Reform of the Mudawana in Morocco’, Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, vol. 4, no. 6, 2012.
Huda, Miftahul, ‘Ragam Bangunan Perundang-Undangan Hukum Keluarga di Negera-Negara Muslim Modern: Kajian Tipologis’, Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, vol. 11, no. 1, 2017.
Juliandi, Budi, Fauzun Jamal, and Saifuddin Herlambang, ‘Mudawwanah Al-Usrah dan Pemihakan Terhadap Hak-Hak Perempuan di Maroko’, Proceedings of Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars, 2017.
Mashhour, Amira, ‘Islamic Law and Gender Equality-Could There be a Common Ground: A Study of Divorce and Polygamy in Sharia Law and Contemporary Legislation in Tunisia and Egypt’, Hum. Rts. Q., vol. 27, HeinOnline, 2005.
Mernissi, Fatima, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society, vol. 423, Indiana University Press, 1987.
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba, Marriage on Trial: a Study of Islamic Family Law: Iran and Morocco Compared, London: IB Tauris, 1993.
----, ‘The Delegated right to divorce: Law and practice in Morocco and Iran’, Tala> qi-Tafwid: The Muslim Woman’s Contractual Access to Divorce, London: Women Living under Muslim Laws, 1996.
----, ‘Women in Search of Common Ground: between Islamic and International Human Rights Laws’, in Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law: Searching for Common Ground?, 1st edition, ed. by Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, and Benjamin Glahn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Musthafa, Usman, ‘Pembaharuan Hukum Keluarga Di Maroko’, Syakhsia: Jurnal Hukum Perdata Islam, vol. 20, no. 1, 2019.
Nössing, Elisabeth, ‘Divorce on Grounds of Discord: Did the Moroccan Family Law Reform Bring the Guarantee of Divorce for Women? an Ethnographic Perspective on the Changing Landscape of Divorce’, Asiatische Studien-Études Asiatiques, vol. 74, no. 1, De Gruyter, 2020.
Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, ‘Islam, Women, and Politics: The Demography of Arab Countries’, Population and Development Review, JSTOR, 1992.
Otto, Jan Michiel, Sharia Incorporated: a Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present, Leiden University Press, 2010.
Perkins, Elisa, ‘The 2004 Mudawwana Reforms and the Problem of Moroccan Masculinity’, Al-Raida Journal, 2004.
Ridwan, Muannif, Ahmad Syukri Saleh, and Abdul Ghaffar, ‘Islamic Law In Morocco: Study on The Government System and The Development of Islamic Law’, ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, vol. 1, no. 1, 2021.
Sadiqi, Fatima, ‘The central role of the family law in the Moroccan feminist movement’, British journal of Middle Eastern studies, vol. 35, no. 3, Taylor & Francis, 2008.
----, ‘The Center: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Women’s Rights in Pre-and Post-Arab Spring North Africa’, in Double-Edged Politics on Women’s Rights in the MENA Region, Springer, 2020.
Sadiqi, Fatima and Moha Ennaji, ‘The Feminization of Public Space: Women’s Activism, the Family Law, and Social Change in Morocco’, Journal of Middle East women’s studies, vol. 2, no. 2, Duke University Press, 2006.
Wahib, Ahmad Bunyan, ‘Reformasi Hukum Keluarga di Dunia Muslim’, Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014.
Wardah, Mutia, Hadhanah Akibat Perceraian dalam Hukum Keluarga di Indonesia dan Maroko, Jakarta: Fakultas Syariah Dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2018.
Weingartner, Laura A., ‘Family Law & (and) Reform in Morocco-The Mudawana: Modernist Islam and Women’s Rights in the Code of Personal Status’, U. Det. Mercy L. Rev., vol. 82, HeinOnline, 2004.
Welchman, Lynn, Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States: A Comparative Overview of Textual Development and Advocacy, Amsterdam University Press, 2007.
----, ‘Musawah, CEDAW, and Muslim Family Laws in the 21st Century’, in Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law: Searching for Common Ground?, 1st edition, ed. by Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, and Benjamin Glahn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Fathonah K. Daud; Nurrohman Syarif
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. The works are simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
