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Parenting Practices in Millennial Islamic Families of Pontianak: Navigating Between Pop-Islamism and Fluid Islamism
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Abstract
This qualitative study explores the parenting practices of young Islamic parents in Pontianak, Indonesia, amidst the evolving contexts of pop Islamism and fluid Islamism. The research uses anthropological lenses to focus on early childhood parenting within millennial Islamic families. The city of Pontianak, characterized by rapid development, ethnic and cultural diversity, and varied religious practices, provides a unique setting for examining these dynamics. Data collection encompassed observations, interviews, and documentation, targeting millennial Muslim parents born between 1981 and 1996, with children aged 0-8 years, totaling 83 participants. Interviews spanned a range of Islamic ideologies, including popular Islamism, tarbiyah, Tahrir, Salafi, and jihadist. The methodology involved data assembly, comprehensive observation, coding, categorization into themes, and narrative presentation. The results reveal diverse parenting patterns influenced by religious affiliations, advisors, worship practices, and explicit or implicit religious affiliations. While parenting styles varied, a high prevalence of authoritarian approaches was noted, with religion playing a pivotal role in child-rearing decisions and social interactions. The study also highlights the material aspects of parenting, including doctrinal ideologies and their manifestation in everyday life. The findings provide crucial insights into contemporary Islamic society's social and religious dynamics, emphasizing the need for an inclusive, multidimensional approach to understanding Islamism that extends beyond political and ideological realms. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of Islamic millennial families' social and cultural intricacies in Indonesia and their strategies for balancing religious traditions with modern challenges.
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Introduction
Child-rearing practices among millennial Islamic families are a crucial topic in the global and societal context, particularly in the fields of education and contemporary Islamic studies. The significance of this topic lies in its implications for shaping the character of young generations within societies undergoing constant social and cultural changes (Mansir, 2022; Supaat Fa’atin, 2019). Specifically, it concerns how various Islamic values—from the most militant to the more moderate—are integrated into everyday parenting practices. In the context of Islamism, the emphasis on a holistic and strict lifestyle in accordance with Sharia raises questions about how this influences parenting approaches within families(Alghafli et al., 2014)(Bensaid, 2021). Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the dynamics between pop Islamism and fluid Islamism and their implications for early childhood parenting.
Previous studies have explored various aspects of Islamism, primarily in political and proselytizing contexts (Duraesa Ahyar, 2019; Fuad, 2020; Hasan, 2018a; Kuswanto et al., 2023). This research underscores the importance of understanding Islamism not just as a political or religious movement, but as an ideology influencing all life aspects, including child-rearing. According to Hasan (2018b), Islamism has evolved through print and online literature, affecting the Muslim youth in public spaces. This study starts by observing that Islamist ideology has permeated various social life aspects, including family parenting practices.
Research by Wildan and Qibtiyah (2020) provides essential insights into the influence of parenting styles on the level of Islamism among high school teenagers in Yogyakarta. Their findings indicate that authoritarian parenting tends to shape students into more conservative, militant, and extremist in their Islamic beliefs. Meanwhile, authoritative and permissive parenting styles appear to have no significant impact on the students' level of Islamism (Ayu et al., 2023; Wildan Qibtiyah, 2020). This study lays the foundation for understanding how certain parenting styles can influence the acceptance and practice of Islamism among teenagers.
The study by Mustakim et al., (2022) explores the representation of Islamist ideology in popular media, particularly through the animated film "Nussa." They found that the film introduces Salafi ideas in the context of early childhood parenting, depicting an authoritative parenting model blended with pop-Islamism. On the other hand, a study by Syarif et al., (2023) examines the religious movement of Salafism in West Kalimantan, showing an ideological contestation between Salafism and traditional Muslims. This study contributes to the understanding of how Islamism, in both traditional and popular forms, influences parenting practices in young Islamic families.
Prior research concerning parenting within Islamist contexts, specifically in West Kalimantan, has predominantly focused on traditional parenting methodologies, as evidenced by studies such as those conducted by Calorina et al., (2021), Lessy et al., (2021), and Suratman Arif, (2020). This trend highlights a notable deficiency in scholarly discourse regarding the parenting practices of young Islamic families, particularly when considering the dynamics of urban living, the role and impact of digital media, and the broader influences of globalization. The current study seeks to address and bridge this lacuna in the literature. By delving into how Islamist ideology is manifested and intertwined with parenting practices in early childhood among young Islamic families, this research endeavors to enrich the academic understanding of these practices and shed light on the intersection of religious beliefs and modern societal influences (Franceschelli O’Brien, 2014; Strhan Shillitoe, 2019). This exploration is particularly pertinent in an era where traditional practices encounter the evolving demands of contemporary life, thereby offering a comprehensive understanding of the transformation and adaptation of parenting strategies within young Islamic families under the influence of modern globalized contexts.
Although there are several studies related to parenting and Islamism, there are still limitations and controversies in the existing literature. This research identifies that most studies focus on political and proselytizing aspects, with little emphasis on everyday parenting practices in Islamic families. Additionally, there is a lack of research examining parenting in the context of modern urbanization and globalization, and how this affects the understanding and practice of Islamism. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by exploring parenting in young Islamic families in Pontianak city.
The focus of this study is to uncover how ideals, materials, and methods and styles of parenting are practiced by young Islamic parents in Pontianak city. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how Islamism, both in traditional and modern forms, influences child-rearing practices. Through this research, it is hoped to contribute significantly to the understanding of parenting practices in the context of Islamism and provide new insights into religious dynamics among young Islamic families in the era of globalization.
Methods
This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with an anthropological lens, focusing on the practices of early childhood care in Islamic millennial families in Pontianak, South Kalimantan. The choice of Pontianak as the research location is based on its unique characteristics as a city with rapid development, diverse ethnicities and cultures, as well as a variety of religious and Islamic practices. This social and cultural dynamic makes Pontianak a strategic place for understanding the dynamics of child care within the context of Islamic millennial families. In this study, data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation(Creswell & Guetterman, 2019). The observation was used to gain a deep understanding of the daily interactions between parents and children, as well as the cultural and social context in which childcare takes place. Interviews were conducted with Muslim millennial parents who follow various
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