Logika Keilmuan Kalam: Tinjauan Filsafat Ilmu

Main Article Content

Imam Iqbal

Abstract

Some contemporary scholars consider that the logical science of Kalam was patterned apologetic, and dogmatic. This kind of scientific logic makes the Science of Kalam less responsive to developments and changing times. This paper therefore  intended to assist the reader in understanding to the assessment. it can be traced through a review of philosophy of science, especially the distinction context of discovery and the context of justification a science. At Science of Kalam, the context of the invention relates to the formulation of science of Kalam based on al-Qur’an and as-Sunnah and residues historicity attached to it. This context shows this pattern of subjective knowledge that actually assessed objectively by the Muslim majority. While the context of justification Kalam can be observed in denial and rejection of the belief that different Mutakallimun using dialectic (al-manhaj al-jadalî; jadaliyyah)and strengthened by evidence demonstrative rational method (al-manhaj al- bahtsî;bahtsiyyah). There are two forms of demonstrative methods commonly used by Mutakallimun, namely analogy and syllogism. The linkage of two kinds of basically a form of scientific logic of Kalam with a pattern on top.

[Beberapa sarjana kontemporer menilai bahwa logika keilmuan Kalam itu bercorak apologetik, dan dogmatik. Logika keilmuan semacam ini menjadikan Ilmu Kalam kurang responsif terhadap perkembangan dan perubahan zaman. Tulisan ini bermaksud membantu pembaca dalam memahami penilaian tersebut. Logika keilmuan dapat ditelusuri melalui tinjauan filsafat ilmu, terutama dari distingsi konteks penemuan (the context of discovery) dan konteks justifikasi (the context of justification) sebuah ilmu. Pada Ilmu Kalam, konteks penemuan ilmu ini berkenaan dengan perumusan kalâm berdasarkan al-Quran dan as- Sunnah serta residu-residu historisitas yang melekat padanya. Konteks ini menunjukkan corak subyektif ilmu ini yang justru dinilai obyektif oleh mayoritas Muslim. Sementara konteks justifikasi kalâm dapat dicermati dalam penyangkalan dan penolakan mutakallimûn terhadap kepercayaan yang berbeda dengan menggunakan metode dialektika (al-manhaj al-jadalî; jadaliyyah) dan diperkuat dengan pembuktian rasional yang menggunakan metode demonstratif (al-manhaj al-bahtsî; bahtsiyyah). Ada dua bentuk metode demonstratif yang biasa digunakan oleh mutakallimûn, yaitu qiyâs (analogi) dan silogisme. Keterkaitan dua macam konteks itulah yang pada dasarnya membentuk logika keilmuan Kalam dengan corak di atas.]

Article Details

How to Cite
Iqbal, Imam. “Logika Keilmuan Kalam: Tinjauan Filsafat Ilmu”. ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 187–205. Accessed January 29, 2025. https://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/ushuluddin/esensia/article/view/162-06.
Section
Articles

References

Abd al-Jabbar, Abu al-Hasan ibn Ahmad. al-Muhîith bi at-Taklîf. ed. ‘Umar as-Sayyid ‘Azmi. Kairo: al-Muassasah al-Mishriyyah al-‘Âmmah li at-Ta’lîf wa ath-Thibâ‘ah wa an-Nasyr, 1965

Abdullah, Amin. Falsafah Kalam di Era Postmodernisme. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1995

Abdullah, Amin. Studi Agama: Normativitas atau Historisitas? Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1996

Abdullah, Amin. Islamic Studies di Perguruan Tinggi: Pendekatan Integratif-Interkonektif. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2006

Al-Farabi, Abu Nashr. Ihshâ’ al-‘Ulûm, ed. ‘Utsman Amin. Kairo: Maktabah al-Anjilu al-Mishriyyah, 1968

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. Mi‘yâr al-‘Ilm. Kairo: Dâr al-Ma‘ârif, 1961

Al-Ghazali, al-Munqidz min adh-Dhalâl. ed. Jamil Shaliba dan Kamil ‘Iyad. Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1981

Al-Jabiri, Muhammad ‘Abid. Bunyah al-‘Aql al-‘Arabî: Dirâsah Tahlîliyyah Naqdiyyah li Nuzhum al-Ma‘rifah fî ats-Tsaqâfah al-‘Arabiyyah. Beirut: Markaz Dirâsah al-Wihdah al-‘Arabiyyah, 1990

Amin, Ahmad. Fajr al-Islâm. Kairo: Maktabah an-Nahdhah al-Mishriyyah, 1978

Angel, Richard B. Reasoning and Logic. New York: Appleton Century Craft, 1964

An-Nasyar, Ali Sami. Manâhij al-Bahts ‘inda Mufakkirî al-Islâm. Iskandariyah: Dâr al-Fikr al-‘Arabî, 1947

Arkoun, Muhammad. al-Islâm: al-Akhlâq wa as-Siyâsah. terj. Hasan Saleh. Beirut: Markaz al-Inma’ al-Qaum, 1990

Ar-Raziq, Mushthafa ‘Abd. Tamhîd li Târikh al-Falsafah al-Islâmiyyah. Beirut: Dâr al-Kitâb al-Libnânî, 1966

Bagus, Lorens. Kamus Filsafat. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2000

Bertens, K. Sejarah Filsafat Yunani. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1975

Esack, Farid. Qur’an, Liberation and Pluralism: an Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. England: One World, 1997

Fakhry, Majid. Sejarah Filsafat Islam. terj. Mulyadi Kartanegara. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1986

Haleem, M. Abdel. “Early Kalam” dalam Seyyed Hossein Nasr & Oliver Leaman (ed.). History of Islamic Philosophy, Part I. London & New York: Routledge, 1996

Hanafi, Hassan. Min al-‘Aqîdah ilâ ats-Tsaurah: Al-Muqaddimât an-Nazhariyyah. Jilid I. Beirut: Dâr at-Tanwîr li ath-Thibâ‘ah wa an-Nasyr, 1988

Hoyningen-Huene, Paul. “Context of Discovery and Context of Justification”, dalam Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 18, No. 4, Great Britain: Pergamon Journals Ltd., 1987

Khalaf, Abdul Wahab. Ilmu Ushulul Fiqh. terj. Masdar Helmy. Bandung: Gema Risalah Press, 1996

Khaldun, Ibn. Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun. ed. Khalil Shahadah. Beirut: Dâr al-Fikr, 2001

Losee, John. A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001

Madjid, Nurcholish. Islam Doktrin dan Peradaban. Jakarta: Paramadina, 1992

Magnis-Suseno, Franz. Menalar Tuhan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2006

Mates, Benson. Stoic Logic. California: University of California Press, 1961

Munawir, Ahmad Warsun. Al-Munawwir; Kamus Arab-Indonesia. Yogyakarta: PP. Al-Munawwir, 1984

Mundiri. Logika. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 1994

Nasution, Harun. Teologi Islam: Aliran-aliran Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan. Jakarta: UI-Press, 1972

Poespopradjo, W. dan Gilarso, T. Logika Ilmu Menalar: Dasar-dasar Berfikir Logis, Kritis, Analisis, Dialektis, Mandiri, dan Tertib. Bandung: RemajaKarya, 1989

Pojman, Louis P. Philosophy: The Quest for Truth. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999

Rahman, Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. Pakistan: Islamic Research Institure, 1964

Rahman, Fazlur. Tema Pokok al-Quran. terj. Anas Mahyuddin. Bandung: Pustaka, 1983

Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. terj. Ahsin Mohammad. Bandung: Pustaka, 1984

Saeed, Abdullah. Islamic Thought: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2006

Shurter, Robert L. & Pierce, John R. Critical Thinking. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996

Van Ess, Josef. “The Logical Structure of Islamic Theology” dalam Issa J. Boullata (ed.), An Anthology of Islamic Studies. Canada: McGill Indonesia IAIN Development Project, 1992

Verhaak, C. dan Imam, R. Haryono. Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1991

Watt, W. Montgomery. Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1962